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Re: Apple// CP/M question
In article <1ek4vqw.1wr445s1vyinmcN%dempson@actrix.gen.nz>,
David Empson <dempson@actrix.gen.nz> wrote:
> Roy and/or Janet Miller <millers@inetnebr.com> wrote:
>
>> Paul Schlyter wrote:
>>
>>> 2. Even if Apple // disks had been compatible with the rest of the
>>> world on the sector level, MSDOS still uses a different logical disk
>>> format than CP/M.
>>
>> The fact is that there was no standard disk format for CP/M on 5.25"
>> disks, or for that matter the occasional machine that used 3" or 3.5" inch
>> disks.
>
> We have a CP/M kitset machine at work (in a suitcase!) which we used
> actively until about 1990, and have occasionally used since then.
>
> It has 8" and 5.25" drives. The standard CP/M disk format was a single
> sided single density 8 inch disk (40 tracks, 128 bytes per sector, but I
> forget how many sectors per track: possibly 32, which would make it 160
> KB).
The 8" SSSD format was 128 bytes/sector, 26 sectors/track, 77 tracks
of which two tracks were "system tracks" where the boot loader and the
BIOS+BDOS+CCP was stored. This yielded 243.75 KBYtes of user area per
disk including the directory, and 241.75 KBYtes excluding the directory.
> This was the format used by Digital Research to distribute the
> base operating system.
>
> This particular system also supported double sided double density 8 inch
> disks (77 tracks, 512 bytes per sector, 17 sectors per track, 2 sides,
> for 1309 KB). It also supported high density 5.25" disks with the same
> format.
The texts below may be of some interest to Apple CP/M users. The
first is a reference to standard CP/M-80 (up to ver 2.2) and the
second is a reference of Apple (SoftCard) CP/M specific details. These
details mostly include BIOS details of course, but also some utility
programs. Also, Apple CP/M lacks the standard CP/M usilities SYSGEN
and MOVCPM; instead there are CPM56.COM or CPM60.COM, and an /S option
to FORMAT.COM.
===========================================================================
CP/M ver 1.4 & 2.x Programmer's Reference Guide
========================================================
BUILT-IN COMMANDS
=================
DIR Display file directory, current drive
DIR d: Display file directory, designated drive
DIR filename.typ Search for file name, current drive
DIR *.typ Display all files of named type, curr drive
DIR filename.* Display all types of designated filename
DIR x????.* Display all filenames 5 characters long and
starting with letter x
TYPE filename.typ Display ASCII file, current drive
TYPE d:filename.typ Display ASCII file, designated drive
ERA filename.typ Erase named file, current drive
ERA *.* Erase all files, curr drv, ver 2.x curr user
ERA *.typ Erase all files, current drive
ERA d:filename.typ Erase named file, designated drive
ERA filename.* Erase all types of named file, current drive
REN nuname.typ=olname.typ Rename file, current drive
REN d:nuname.typ=olname.typ Rename file, designated drive
SAVE n filename.typ Save as named file, current drive
SAVE n d:filename.typ Save as named file, designated drive
n pages (page = 256 bytes) starting at 100H
d: Switch to designated drive, making it current drive
V 1.4: A-D V 2.x: A-P
USER n Change user area (n=0 to 15) (ver 2.x)
TRANSIENT COMMANDS
==================
DDT Initiate Dynamic Debugging Tool
DDT filename.typ Initiate DDT and load named file
ASM filename Assemble named ASM file on current drive
ASM d:filename Assemble named ASM file on designated drive
ASM filename.abc Assemble named ASM file:
a = source file drive
b = HEX file destination drive (Z=skip)
c = PRN file destination drive (X=console,Z=skip)
LOAD filename Make COM file from named HEX file on current drive
LOAD d:filename Make COM file from named HEX file on design. drive
DUMP filename.typ Display file in hex, current drive
DUMP d:filename.typ Display file in hex, designated drive
MOVCPM Relocate and execute (max) KByte CP/M system
MOVCPM n Relocate and execute n KByte CP/M system
MOVCPM n * Create relocated image in RAM of n Kbyte
CP/M system, ready for SYSGEN or SAVE
MOVCPM * * Create relocated image in RAM of (max) Kbyte
CP/M system, ready for SYSGEN or SAVE
SYSGEN Initiate SYStem GENerate program
SUBMIT filename parameters Execute SUB file using optional parameter(s)
XSUB Execute eXtended SUBmit program (V2.x)
ED filename.typ Execute EDitor to create or edit named file
ED d:filename.typ Execute EDitor to create or edit named file
STAT Display STATus (R/W or R/O) \/ current drive
STAT d: and available disk space /\ design. drive
STAT DEV: Display DEVice assignments
STAT VAL: Display VALid device assignments
STAT DSK: Display DISK characteristics (V2.x)
STAT USR: Display current USeR areas (V2.x)
STAT filename.typ $S Display size of file (V2.x)
STAT fiename.typ Display file characteristics, current drive
STAT d:filename.typ Display file characteristics, designated drive
STAT d:=R/O Change designated drive to Read-Only
STAT filename.typ $R/O Change named file to Read-Only (V2.x)
STAT filename.typ $R/W Change named file to Read-Write (V2.x)
STAT filename.COM $SYS Change named file to System file (V2.x)
STAT filename.COM $DIR Change named file to Directory file (V2.x)
STAT gd:=pd: Change general device (CON:,LST:,PUN:,RDR:)
assignment of physical device (IOBYTE)
PIP
===
Commands
--------
PIP Initiate Peripheral Interchange Program
*d:=s:filename.typ Copy named file from source drive to dest drive
*d:nuname.*=s:olname.typ Copy & rename from source drive to dest drive
PIP d:=s:filename.typ Initiate PIP and copy named file
PIP d:=s:*.* from source drive \/ all files
PIP d:=s:filename.* to || all named files
PIP d:=s:*.typ destination drive /\ all files named type
PIP LST:=filename.typ Send named file to list device
PIP PUN:=filename.typ Send named file to punch device
PIP CON:=filename.typ Send named file to console device
PIP filename.typ=RDR: Copy data from reader device to named file
*nuname.typ=aname.typ,bname.typ,cname.typ ASCII copy & concatenate
*nuname.typ=aname.typ,bname.typ ASCII copy & concatenate
*nuname.typ=aname.typ[X],bname.typ[X] binary copy & concatenate
PIP LST:=aname.typ,bname.typ Send files in sequence to list device
PIP LST:=s:aname.typ,s:bname.typ Send files in sequence to list device
PIP allows access to any logical and physical devices defined in the
CP/M system. Logical devices: CON: RDR: PUN: LST:
Physical devices: TTY: CRT: PTR: UR1: UR2: PTP: UP1: UP2: LPT: UL1:
Special PIP devices (locations 109H to 1FFH are not used in the PIP
image and can be replaced by used drivers using DDT)
NUL: Send 40 NUL's (ASCII 00H) to the device
(can be issued at the end of punched output)
EOF: Send a CP/M EOF (ASCII Ctrl-Z=1AH) to dest device
(sent automatically at end of ASCII transfers thru PIP)
INP: Special PIP input source which can be patched into PIP:
PIP gets input from here by calling 103H, with data
returned at 109H)
OUT: Special PIP output destination which can be patched into PIP:
PIP calls 106H with data to be output in C for each char.
PRN: Same as LST: except that tabbs are expanded to every 8th
column, lines are numbered, and page ejects are inserted
every 60 lines with an initial eject (same as PIP options [t8np])
Parameters
----------
example *filename.typ=RDR:[B]
[B] - read data block until ^S (ctrl-S) character
[Dn] - delete characters past column n
[E] - echo all copy operations to console
[F] - remove form feeds
[Gn] - get file from user area n (V2.x)
[H] - check for proper HEX format
[I] - same as H plus ignores ":00"
[L] - change all upper case characters to lower case
[N] - add line numbers without leading zeros
[N2] - same as N plus leading zeros and a TAB after number
[O] - object file transfer; ignore end-of-file (Ctrl-Z)
[P] - insert form feed every 60 lines
[Pn] - insert form feed every n lines
[Qstring^Z] - Quit copying after string is found
[R] - read SYS file (V2.x)
[Sstring^Z] - Start copying when string is found
[Tn] - expand tab space to every n columns
[U] - change all lower case characters to upper case
[V] - verify copied data (destination must be disk file)
[W] - delete R/O files at destination (V2.x)
[X] - copy non-ACII files
[Z] - zero parity bit (hi bit) on all characters in file
Keywords
--------
CON: CONsole device (defined in BIOS)
EOF: send End-of-File (ASCII ^Z) to device
INP: INPut source (pathced in PIP)
LST: LiST device (defined in BIOS)
NUL: send 40 NUL's to device
OUT: OUTput destination (pathced in PIP)
PRN: same as LST:; tabs every 8th char, number lines & page
ejects every 60 lines with initial eject
PUN: PUNch device (defined in BIOS)
RDR: ReaDeR device (defined in BIOS)
COMMAND CONTROL CHARACTERS
==========================
Control char ASCII code Function
C 03h Reboot - CP/M warm boot
E 05h Start new line
H 08h Backspace and delete (V2.x)
I 09h Tab 8 columns
J 0Ah Line feed
M 0Dh Carriage return
P 10h Printer on/Printer off
R 12h Retype current line
S 13h Stop display outout (any char except ^C restarts)
U 15h Delete line
X 18h Same as � (V1.4)
Z 1Ah End of console input (ED & PIP)
delete/rubout 7Fh Delete and display character (tape only)
ASM
===
Conventions
-----------
line# label operation operant ;comment
labels followed by colon 1-16 alphanumeric characters
symbol (eq. EQU) no colon first must be alpha, ? or .
labels are case insensitive (treated as uppercase)
$ is insignificant and can be inserted
anywhere for readability
Assembly Program Format (space separates fields)
[line#] label: opcode oerand(s) ;comment
Constants
A number of digits with a suffix:
B binary
O or Q octal
D decimal (default)
H hexadecimal
Reserved words in operand fields
The names of the 8080 registers are reserved, and produce the
following values if encountered in the operand field:
A 7
B 0
C 1
D 2
E 3
H 4
L 5
M 6
SP 6
PSW 6
Mnemonics for machine instructions are reserved and evaluate to
their internal codes. Instructions which require operands will
get zeroes in their operand fields, e.g. MOV will produce 40H
The symbol $ in the operand field evaulates to the address of
the next instruction to generate, not including the instruction
within the current logical line
String constants are delimieted by an apostrophe ('), and a
double apostrophe ('') will produce one apostrophe
Operators (unsigned)
a+b a added to b
a-b difference between a and b
+b 0+b (unary addition)
-b 0-b (unary subtraction)
a*b a multiplied by b
a/b a divided by b (integer)
a MOD b remainder after a/b
NOT b complement all b-bits
a AND b bit-by-bit AND of a and b
a OR b bit-by-bit OR of a and b
a XOR b bit-by-bit XOR of a and b
a SHL b shift a left b bits, end off, zero fill
a SHR b shift a right b bits, end off, zero fill
Hierarcy of operations
highest: * / MOD SHL SHR
- +
NOT
AND
OR XOR
Pseudo-ops
ORG const Set program or data origin (Default=0)
END start End program, optional address where excution begins
EQU const Define symbol value (may not be changed)
SET const Define symbol value (may be changed later)
IF const Assemble block conditionally until ENDIF
ENDIF Terminate conditionala ssembly block
DS const Define storage sace for later use
DB byte[,byte...] Define bytes as numeric or ASCII constants
DW word[,word...] Define words (two bytes)
const=constant (true if bit 0 is 1, otherwise false)
Error codes
-----------
D Data error (element cannot be placed in data area)
E Expression error (ill-formed expression)
L Label error
N Not implemented
O Overflow (expression too complicated to compute)
P Phase error (label has different values on each pass)
R register error (specified value not compatible with op code)
U Undefined label (label does not exist)
V Vaue error (operand improper)
Fatal errors
------------
NO SOURCE FILE PRESENT
NO DIRECTORY SPACE
SOURCE FILE NAME ERROR
SOURCE FILE READ ERROR
OUTPUT FILE WRITE ERROR
CANNOT CLOSE FILE
FILE TYPES
==========
ASC ASCII text file, usually Basic source
ASM ASseMbly langaige file (source for ASM program)
BAK BAcKup copy file (created by editor)
BAS BASic source program file, usually tokenized
COM COMmand file (transient exeuctable program)
DAT DATa file
DOC DOCument file
FOR FORtran source program file
INT INTermediate Basic program file (executable)
HEX HEXadecimal format file (for LOAD program)
LIB Library file used by macro assembler
PLI PL/I source file
PRN PRiNt file (source and object produced by ASM)
REL RELocatable file
SAV System file (V2.x)
SUB SUBmit text file executed by SUBMIT program
SYM SID symbol file
TEX TEXt formatter source file
XRF Cross reference file
$$$ Temporary file
Filename - 8 characters maximum
Filetype - 3 characters maximum
Invalid filename and filetype characters
< > . , ; : = ? [ ]
DDT COMMANDS
============
DDT
DDT filename.HEX
DDT filename.COM
A sad Assemble symbolic code; start at sad
D Dump RAM to console from cad, 16 lines
D sad Dump RAM to console from sad, 16 lines
D sad,ead Dump RAM to console from sad thru ead
F sad,ead,const Fill RAM from sad thru ead with const
G Start program exec. at saved PC
G sad Start program exec. at sad
G sad,bp1 Start program exec. at sad and stop at bp1
G sad,bp1,bp2 Start program exec. at sad and stop at bp1 or bp2
G,bp1,bp2 Start program exec. at cad and stop at bp1 or bp2
G0 Jump to 0000H ==> exits DDT (equivalent to Ctrl-C)
H a,b Display hex a+b and a-b
I filename Set up FCB at 5CH for user code
I filename.typ Set up FCB at 5CH for R-command (HEX or COM file)
L Disassemble RAM from cad, 12 lines
L sad Disassemble RAM from sad, 12 lines
L sad,ead Disassemble RAM from sad thru ead
M sad,ead,nad Move RAM block from sad thru ead to nad
R Read file specified by I command to RAM
R offset at normal address + optional offset
The R command requires a previos I command
There is no W (write file) command, instead
exit DDT (by G0 or Ctrl-C) and then use SAVE
S sad Examine and optionally alter RAM, byte by byte,
starting at sad
T Trace: execute 1 instruction with register dump
T n Trace: Execute n instructions with register dump
U Untrace: same as T except that intermediate
U n steps are not displayed
X Examine register or flags, display format:
CfZfMfEfIf A=bb B=dddd D=dddd H=dddd S=dddd P=dddd inst
Xr Examine/change registers or flags
C Carry flag (0/1)
Z Zero flag (0/1)
M Sign flag (0/1)
E Parity flag (0/1)
I Aux Carry flag (0/1)
A Accumulator (0-FF)
B BC reg pair (0-FFFF)
D DE reg pair (0-FFFF)
H HL reg pair (0-FFFF)
S Stack Pointer (0-FFFF)
P Program Counter (0-FFFF)
cad = current address
nad = new address
sad = start address
ead = end address
? = error, can mean:
file cannot be opened
checksum error in HEX file
assembler(disassembler overlayed
ED COMMANDS
===========
nA Append n lines to buffer (n=0 - use haf of buffer)
B Move pointer to beginning of file
-B Move pointer to end of file
nC Move pointer forward n characters
nD Delete n characters forward
E End edit, close file, return to CP/M
nFs Find n'th occurence of string 's'
H End edit, move pointer to beginning of file
I Insert text at pointer until ^Z typed
Is Insert string at pointer
nK Kill n lines starting at pointer
nL Move pointer n lines
nMx Execute command string 'x' n times
nNs Global F-command - until end of file
O Abort ED, start over with original file
nP List next n pages of 23 lines (n=0 - current page)
Q Quit without changing input file
Rfn Read fn.LIB into buffer at current pointer
nSx^Zy Substitute string 'y for next n forward occurrences of string 'x'
nT Type n lines
U Change lower case to upper case (next entry)
V Enable internal line number generation
nW Write n lines to output file, start at beginning of buffer
nX Write next n lines to file 'X$$$$$$$.LIB'
nZ Pause n/2 seconds (2 MHz)
n Move forward n lines
<CR> Move forward one line and type one line
- Move backward
n:x Move to n line number and perform 'x' command
:mx Perform command 'x' from current line to line m
n::mx Move to n line number and perform command 'x' from
current line to line m
note: "-" valid on all positioning and display commands
for backward movement (e.g. -nC)
HOW TO OPEN UP A NEW USER AREA
==============================
Enter PIP wait for the * prompt. Hit Return to go back to exit PIP.
Now, enter the user area, say USER 1. Type SAVE 28 PIP.COM and hit
Return (SAVE 30 PIP.COM in CP/M 3).
Now, PIP.COM is in your new user area, and you can copy any file
into your area from area 0 by typing PIP A:=<ufn>[G0] and Return.
PATCHING THE CCP TO PERFORM ONE COMMAND AT EVERY WARM BOOT
==========================================================
The CCP stars with the instructions:
JMP CCPSTART ; Start the console processor
JMP CCPCLEAR ; Clear the initial command
DB 127 ; Maximum command length
CL: DB 0 ; Current command length
DB ' ' ; 8 spaces
DB ' ' ; 8 more spaces
DB 'COPYRIGHT... ; Copyright notice
Starting at CL, patch in the command, e.g.:
CL: DB 3 ; Current command length
DB 'DIR',0 ; DIR command, NUL terminated
DB ' ' ; 4 spaces
DB ' ' ; 8 more spaces
DB 'COPYRIGHT... ; Copyright notice
and add this to the CCP image on the system tracks of your disk
(using MOVCPM, DDT and SYSTEM on most CP/M systems, or DDT amd
CPM56K.COM or CPM60K.COM on Apple CP/M). Now, after every warm boot
the CCP will execute this command (in this example a 'DIR' command)
BDOS FUNCTION CALLS
===================
Function no Value passed to BDOS Value returned in
in C reg in DE (or E) regs A or HL regs
Dec Hex
0 00 System reset -- --
1 01 Console read -- A = char
2 02 Console write E = char --
3 03 Reader read -- A = char
4 04 Punch write E = char --
5 05 List write E = char --
6 06 Direct console I/O E = FFh (input) A = char
(V2.x) E = char (output) --
7 07 Get IOBYTE -- A = IOBYTE
8 08 Set IOBYTE E = IOBYTE --
9 09 Print string DE = string addr --
string terminated by $, tabs are expanded as in func 2
10 0A Read console buffer DE = buffer addr A = #chars in buffer
buffer: 1st byte = bufsize, 2nd byte = chars input
11 0B Get console status -- A = 00(not rdy)/FF(rdy)
12 0C Lift head (V1.x) -- --
Get version (V2.x) -- HL = version no
H: 0=CP/M, 1=MP/M
L: 0=v1.4
20H-22H=v2.x
13 0D Reset disk** -- --
14 0E Select disk E = drive no --
0=A, 1=B, ...0FH=P
15 0F Open file DE = FCB addr A = dir code
16 10 Close file DE = FCB addr A = dir code
17 11 Search for first DE = FCB addr A = dir code
18 12 Search for next -- A = dir code
19 13 Delete file DE = FCB addr A = dir code
20 14 Read sequential DE = FCB addr A = ret code
21 15 Write sequential DE = FCB addr A = ret code
22 16 Create file DE = FCB addr A = dir code
23 17 Rename file DE = old FCB addr A = dir code
24 18 Get login vector -- (V1.4) HL = drive code
25 19 Get disk no -- A = curr disk no
(0-15 for A-P)
26 1A Set DMA addr DE = DMA addr --
27 1B Get alloc vector -- HL = ava
28 1C Write protect disk -- --
29 1D Get R/O vector -- HL = R/O vect
30 1E Set file attrib DE = FCB addr A = dir code
31 1F Get addr disk params -- HL = dpba
32 20 Set user code E = user code --
32 20 Get user code E = FFh A = curr user code
33 21 Read random DE = ext. FCB addr A = ret code ***
34 22 Write random DE = ext. FCB addr A = ret code ***
35 23 Compute file size DE = ext. FCB addr A = ret code
36 24 Set random record DE = ext. FCB addr A = ret code
37 25 Reset drive DE = drive vector A = 0
38 26 (unused) -- --
39 27 (unused) -- --
40 28 Write random DE = FCB addr A = ret code ***
with zero fill
dir code: directory code:
0FFH=failed (e.g. file not found, directory full)
0,1,2,3 = success: offset into current DMA buffer, which
contains a directory sector, where the FCB can be found
ret code: return code -- 0=success, non-zero=failed
* V1.4 none
** V1.4 initializes system and selects A: drive
*** ret codes:
00 - no error
01 - reading unwritten data
03 - cannot close current extent
04 - seek to unwritten extent
05 - directory overflow (write only)
06 - seek past physical end of disk
char = ASCII character
addr = address
dir = directory code
cdn = current drive number (A=0, B=1, etc)
dpba = disk parameter block address in CBIOS
Function 9: string is terminated with '$'
Function 10: Console buffer: 1st byte = max # chars in buffer (input)
2nd byte = actual # chars in buffer (output)
remaining bytes = buffer
Function 12: CP/M version number: H=00 CP/M, H=01 MP/M
L=00 ver prior to 2.0
L=20,21,22... subsequent versions
Function 13: Resets DMS address to BOOT+0080h
Function 23: renames file in first 16 bytes of FCB to name in second
16 bytes in FCB
Function 24: Returns a 16-bit value in HL - a 16-bit bit map where
the lowest bit represents A: and the highest bit P:
If the bit is set, that drive is present in the CP/M system
Function 29: Returns a similar bit map as func 24, except that a set
bit marks a drive which is Read/Only.
Function 33,34: the rn (Random Record No) must be set in the FCB prior to call
Function 35: fills in the file size in rn. If followed by a random write,
the file will be extended in length. Not that the "file size"
merely is the last record # - "hole" in sparse files are not
accounted for
Function 36: same as function 35 except that the current random record
position is stored in rn in FCB.
Function 37: this function is buggy - avoid using it
IOBYTE (0003H)
==============
Device LST: PUN: RDR: CON:
Bit position 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Dec Binary
0 00 TTY: TTY: TTY: TTY:
1 01 CRT: PTP: PTR: CRT:
2 02 LPT: UP1: UR1: BAT:
3 03 UL1: UP2: UR2: UC1:
TTY: TeleTYpe
CRT: Cathode Ray Tube type terminal
BAT: BATch process (RDR=inut, LST=output)
UC1: User defined Console
LPT: Line Printer
UL1: User defined List device
PTR: Paper Tape Reader
UR1: User defined Reader device 1
UR2: User defined Reader device 2
PTP: Paper Tape Punch
UP1: User defined Punch device 1
UP2: User defined Punch device 2
LOGIN BYTE (0004H)
==================
low nibble = current drive (0=A, 1=B, etc)
high nibble = current user (V2.x only)
BIOS ENTRY POINTS
=================
Hex Vector Function Value Value
addr name passed returned
4A00H+b BOOT Cold start entry point - C=0
4A03H+b WBOOT Warm start entry point - C=drv no
4A06H+b CONST Check for console ready - A=const
4A09H+b CONIN Read from console - A=char
4A0CH+b CONOUT Write to console C=char -
4A0FH+b LIST Write to list device C=char -
4A12H+b PUNCH Write to punch device C=char -
4A15H+b READER Read from reader device - A=char
4A18H+b HOME Move head to track 0 - -
4A1BH+b SELDSK Select drive C=drv no HL=dph*, HL=0 for error
4A1EH+b SETTRK Set track number BC=trk no -
4A21H+b SETSEC Set sector number BC=sec no -
4A24H+b SETDMA Set DMA address BC=DMA -
4A27H+b READ Read selected sector - A=dskst
4A2AH+b WRITE Write selected sector - A=dskst
4A2DH+b* LOSTST Get list status - A=lstst
4A30H+b* SECTRAN Sector translate BC=lsecno HL=physec
DE=smap
BOOT: gets control after the cold start loader
Basic system initalization
Send sign-on message
Set IOBYTE
Set the WBOOT parameters
Jump to CCP at its entry point (at its first address 3400H+b)
WBOOT: gets control after Ctrl-C or JP 0000 or CPU reset
Reload CP/M CCP and BDOS
Setup JMP WBOOT at 0000H-0002H (JMP 4A03H+b)
Set inital value of IOBYTE at 0003H
Set 0004H hi nibble = current user no, lo nibble = current drive no
Setup JMP BDOS at 0005H-0007H (JMP 3C06H+b)
Set C=current drive, then branch to CCP at 3400H+b
const = console status: 00=idle, FF=data avail
dph = disk parameter/header address
dskst = disk status: 00=OK, 01=error
lstst = list status: 00=busy, FF=ready
lsecno = logical sector number \
physec = physical sector number | (standard skew factor = 6)
smap = sector interlace map address /
char = 7-bit ASCII char with parity bit (=hi bit) zero
drv no = drive number: 0=A, 1=B, etc, max 15=P
trk no = track number (0-76 std CP/M floppy, 0-65535 non-standard)
sec no = sector number (1-25 std CP/M floppy, 1-65535 non-standard)
DMA = DMA address (default 0080H)
* = not used in V1.4
** = contents of location 0002Hz
FILE CONTROL BLOCK (FCB)
========================
Byte Function
offset
0 dr Drive code (0=current, 1=A, 2=B, ...., 16=P)
1-8 f1-f8 File name, hi but = 0
9-11 t1-t3 File type + status (hi bits)
t1: 1=R/O t2: 1=SYS t3: 1=archived
12 ex Current extent number
13 s1 reserved (V1.4: not used)
14 s2 =0 on BDOS call to Open/Make/Search (v1.4: always 0)
16 rc extent record count: 0-127
16-31 d0-dn Disk map
32 cr Current record for R/W
33-35 rn Random record number, 0-65535, overflow into 3rd byte
MEMORY ALLOCATION
=================
V1.4: b = memsize-16K
0000 - 00FF System scratch area
0100 - 28FF+b TPA (Transient Program Area) - COM file area
2900+b - 30FF+b CCP - Console COmmand Processor
3100+b - 3DFF+b BDOS
3E00+b - 3FFF+b CBIOS
V2.2: b = memsize-20K
0000 - 00FF System scratch area
0100 - 33FF+b TPA (Transient Program Area) - COM file area
3400+b - 3BFF+b CCP - Console COmmand Processor
3C00+b - 49FF+b BDOS
4A00+b - 4FFF+b CBIOS
System scratch area, "page zero":
00 - 02 Jump to BIOS warm start entry point
03 IOBYTE
04 Login byte: Login drive number, current user number
05 - 07 Jump to BDOS
08 - 37 Reserved; interrupt vectors & future use
38 - 3A RST7 - used by DDT and SID programs, contains JMP into DDT/SID
3B - 3F Reserved for interrupt vector
40 - 4F Scratch area for CBIOS; unused by distribution version of CP/M
50 - 5B Not used, reserved
5C - 7C Default FCB (File Control Block) area
7D - 7F Optional Default Random Record Position (V2.x)
80 - FF Default DMA buffer area (128 bytes) for disk I/O
Also filled with CCP commandline at the start of a program
CP/M STANDARD DISK FORMAT (8" SSSD)
===================================
Media: 8" soft-sectored floppy-disk single density (IBM 3740 standard)
Tracks: 77, numbered 0 thru 76
Sectors/track: 26 (numbered 1 thru 26)
Bytes/sector: 128 data bytes (one logical record)
Storage/disk: 256256 bytes (77*26*128)
File size: any number of sectors from zero to capacity of disk
Extent: 1 kBytes - 8 sectors (smallest file space allocated)
Skew: 6 sectors standard (space between consecutive physical sectors
on track):
1-7-13-19-25-5-11-17-23-3-9-15-21-2-8-14-20-26-6-12-18-24-4-10-16-22
System: Track 0 & 1 (optional)
Track 0 sector 1: boot loader
Track 0 sectors 2-26: CCP & BDOS
Track 1 sectors 1-17: CCP & BDOS
Track 1 sectors 18-26: CBIOS
Directory: Track 2:
16 sectors typical
32 bytes/entry
64 entries typical
extents 0 and 1
User file area: Remaining sectors on Track 2 and 3 to 76, extents 2
and above
A Standard CP/M 8" SSSD floppy contains:
Track# Sector# Page# Mem address CP/M module name
00 01 (boot addr) Cold start loader
00 02 00 3400H+b CCP
00 03 . 3480H+b CCP
00 04 01 3500H+b CCP
00 05 . 3580H+b CCP
00 06 02 3600H+b CCP
00 07 . 3680H+b CCP
00 08 03 3700H+b CCP
00 09 . 3780H+b CCP
00 10 04 3800H+b CCP
00 11 . 3880H+b CCP
00 12 05 3900H+b CCP
00 13 . 3980H+b CCP
00 14 06 3A00H+b CCP
00 15 . 3A80H+b CCP
00 16 07 3B00H+b CCP
00 17 . 3B80H+b CCP
00 18 08 3C00H+b BDOS
00 19 . 3C80H+b BDOS
00 20 09 3D00H+b BDOS
00 21 . 3D80H+b BDOS
00 22 10 3E00H+b BDOS
00 23 . 3E80H+b BDOS
00 24 11 3F00H+b BDOS
00 25 . 3F80H+b BDOS
00 26 12 4000H+b BDOS
01 01 . 4080H+b BDOS
01 02 13 4100H+b BDOS
01 03 . 4180H+b BDOS
01 04 14 4200H+b BDOS
01 05 . 4280H+b BDOS
01 06 15 4300H+b BDOS
01 07 . 4380H+b BDOS
01 08 16 4400H+b BDOS
01 09 . 4480H+b BDOS
01 10 17 4500H+b BDOS
01 11 . 4580H+b BDOS
01 12 18 4600H+b BDOS
01 13 . 4680H+b BDOS
01 14 19 4700H+b BDOS
01 15 . 4780H+b BDOS
01 16 20 4800H+b BDOS
01 17 . 4880H+b BDOS
01 18 21 4900H+b BDOS
01 19 . 4980H+b BDOS
01 20 22 4A00H+b BIOS
01 21 . 4A80H+b BIOS
01 22 23 4B00H+b BIOS
01 23 . 4B80H+b BIOS
01 24 24 4C00H+b BIOS
01 25 . 4C80H+b BIOS
01 26 25 4D00H+b BIOS
02 01-08 Directory block 1
02 09-16 Directory block 2
02 17-26 Data
03-76 01-26 Data
DISK PARAMETER TABLES
=====================
Each disk drive has an associated 16-byte (8-word) DPH - Disk Parameter
Header, containing:
Offset Contents
------ --------
00H XLT Addr of logical-to-physical sector translation vector
or 0000H of no translation (i.e. they are the same)
Disk drives with identical sector skew factors
share the same table
02H 0000H \
04H 0000H | Scratchpad values for use within BDOS
06H 0000H / (initial value unimportant)
08H DIRBUF Addr of scratchpad 128-byte directory buffer.
All DPH's share the same DIRBUF.
0AH DPB Addr of Disk Parameter Block for this drive
0CH CSV Addr of scratchpad area used for software check for
changed disks. Each DPH has its own CSV.
0EH ALV Addr of scratchpad area used for disk storage
allocation information. Each DPH has its own ALV.
If the system has n disk drives, the n DPH's are arranged one after
another, from drive 0 to drive n-1, starting at DPBASE:
DPBASE:
+--------+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
00 | XLT 00 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | DIRBUF | DPB 00 | CSV 00 | ALV 00 |
+--------+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
01 | XLT 01 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | DIRBUF | DPB 01 | CSV 01 | ALV 01 |
+--------+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
......................................................................
+--------+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
n-1 | XLTn-1 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | DIRBUF | DPBn-1 | CSVn-1 | ALVn-1 |
+--------+------+------+------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
The SELDSK subroutine is responsible for returning the base address
of the DPH for the selected drive, or 0000H if there is no such drive:
NDISKS EQU 4 ; Number of disk drives
.........
SELDSK: ; Select disk given by BC
LXI H,0000H ; Error return
MOV A,C ; Drive OK?
CPI NDISK ; Carry if so
RNC ; Return if error
; No error, continue
MOV L,C ; Low (disk)
MOV H,B ; Hi (disk)
DAD H ; *2
DAD H ; *4
DAD H ; *8
DAD H ; *16
LXI D,DPBASE ; First DPH
DAD D ; DPH(disk)
RET
The translation vectors (XLT 00 thru XLTn-1) are located elswehere in
the BIOS and simply correspond one-for-one with the logical sector number
zero through the sector count.
The Disk Parameter Block (DPB) for each drive type contains:
Offset Contents
------ --------
00H SPT 16b Total number of sectors per track
02H BSH 8b Data allocation block shift factor, determined
by the data block allocation size
03H BLM 8b Data allocation block mask (2[BSH-1])
04H EXM 8b Extent mask, determined by data block allocation
size and number of disk blocks
05H DSM 16b Total storage capacity of disk drive
07H DRM 16b Total number of directory entries minus one
09H AL0 8b Determines reserved directory blocks
0AH AL1 8b Determines reserved directory blocks
0BH CKS 16b Size of directory check vector
0DH OFF 16b No of reserved tracks at beginning of logical disk
0FH (end of table)
BSH and BLM are determined by BLS, the block size or data allocation size
BLS BSH BLM EXM
----- --- --- DSM<256 DSM>=256
1024 3 7 0 n/a
2048 4 15 1 0
4096 5 31 3 1
8192 6 63 7 3
16384 7 127 15 7
i.e. BLS = 2**n where n = 10 to 14
BSH = n-7
BLM = 2**BSH - 1
EXM = 2**(BHS-2) - 1 if DSM<256
EXM = 2**(BHS-3) - 1 if DSM>=256
DSM = maximum data block number supported by this particular drive, measured
in BLS (BLock Size) units, or simply "number of allocation blocks on drive".
Blocks are counted from 0 to DSM, and thus BLS*(DSM+1) = the number of bytes
on the drive (excluding the system tracks). If DSM<256, the disk map in
the directory entry of the file will be 1 byte/block. If DSM>=256 it will
be 2 bytes/block.
DRM = total number of directory entries minus one.
AL0/AL1 = the directory allocation vector. Consider it a bit map of
bits 16 bits, bit 0-15, where 0=hi bit of AL0, 7=lo bit of AL0, 8=hi
bit of AL1, 15=lo bit of AL1. Bits are assigned starting at bit 0 up
until bit 15. Suppose nbits is the number of bits seet to 1:
BLS Directory entries
--- -----------------
1024 32 * nbits
2048 64 * nbits
4096 128 * nbits
8192 256 * nbits
16384 512 * nbits
Example: if DRM=127 (128 directory entries) and BLS=1024 bytes, there
are 32 directory entries per block, requiring 4 reserved blocks. Thus
the 4 hi bits if AL0 are set, and AL0=0FH, AL1=00H
CKS = size of directory check vector
If drive media is removable, then CKS = (DRM+1)/4
If drive media is fixed, then CKS=0 (no dir records checked)
OFF = number of reserved tracks. This value is automatically added
whenever SETTRK is called. It can be used to skip reserved system
tracks, or for partitioning a large disk into smaller segmented
sections.
Several DPH's can address the same DPB if the drive characteristics
are identical. The DPB can be dynamically changed when a new drive
is addressed by simply changing the pointer in the DPH since the BDOS
copies the DPB values to a local area whenever the SELDKS function
is invoked.
The size of the CSV (scratchpad area to check changed disks) is CKS
bytes. If CKS=(DRM+1)/4, this area must be reserved. If CKS=0, no
storage is reserved.
The size of the ALV (scratchpad area for disk storage allocation info)
is (DSM/8)+1 bytes where DSM is the disk size in allocation blocks.
DISK PARAMETER TABLES FOR SPECIFIC DISKS
========================================
Standard CP/M 8" SSSD disk
--------------------------
128 bytes/sector
26 sectors/track
77 tracks - 2 system tracks
75 used tracks ==> 243.75 user KBytes/disk
1024 bytes/block ==> 243 blocks/disk ==> DSM=242
Directory in 2 first blocks ==> 64 directory entries ==> 241.75 KBytes data
Sector skew table (1 byte/sector):
1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 5, 11, 17, 23, 3, 9, 15, 21,
2, 8, 14, 20, 26, 6, 12, 18, 24, 4, 10, 16, 22
DPB
SPT 16b 26 Sectors per track
BSH 8b 3 Block shift factor
BLM 8b 7 Block shift mask
EXM 8b 0 Extent mask - null
DSM 16b 242 Disk size - 1 (in blocks)
DRM 16b 63 directory mask = dir entries - 1
AL0 8b 0C0H Dir Alloc 0
AL1 8b 0 Dir Alloc 1
CKS 16b 16 Directory check vector size
OFF 16b 2 Track offset: 2 system tracks
Dirbuf 128 bytes
ALV 31 bytes
CSV 16 bytes
Block size 1024 bytes ==> BSH=3, BLM=7
DSM = 242 blocks
Disk size: 243.75 KBytes excluding system tracks
250.25 KBytes including system tracks
Apple CP/M 5.25" disks
----------------------
Physical format: A B C
---- Standard ----- ----- Special ------
13-sect 16-sect 80-trk/16-sec/2-side
Bytes/sector 256 256 256
Sectors/track 13 16 16
Tracks 35 35 80
Heads 1 1 2
Sector skew table (1 byte/sector): no sector skew in CP/M BIOS
13-sector disks: hard sector skew
16-sector disks: soft sector skew in 6502 code (CP/M RWTS)
DPB A B C
SPT 16b 26 32 32 Sectors per track
BSH 8b 3 3 4 Block shift factor
BLM 8b 7 7 15 Block shift mask
EXM 8b 0 0 0 Extent mask
DSM 16b 103 127 313 Disk size - 1 (in blocks)
DRM 16b 47 63 255 Directory mask = dir entries - 1
AL0 8b 0C0H 0C0H 0F0H Dir Alloc 0
AL1 8b 0 0 0 Dir Alloc 1
CKS 16b 12 16 64 Directory check vector size
OFF 16b 3 3 3 Track offset: 3 system tracks
Block size 1024 1024 2048
Dir entries 48 64 256
Dir blocks 2 2 4
DSM+1 104 128 314 blocks
Disk size 104 128 628 KBytes (excluding system tracks)
113.75 140 640 KBytes (including system tracks)
Dirbuf 128 128 128 bytes
ALV 14 17 40 bytes
CSV 12 16 64 bytes
===========================================================================
Apple CP/M Reference
====================
Microsoft SoftCard
==================
Apple peripheral cards: What goes where
Card type Card name
1 Apple Disk II controller
*2 Apple Communications Card
CCS 7710A Serial Interface
3 Apple Super Serial Card
Apple Silentype Printer
Videx Videoterm 24x80 Video Terminal Card
M&R Enterprises Sup-R-Term 24x80 Video Terminal Card
4 Apple Parallell Printer Card
*The CCS 7710A card is the preferred card of type 2 as it supports
hardware handshaking and variable baud rates from 110 to 19200 baud.
The Apple Communications Card requires hardware modification for use
with baud rates other than 110 or 300 baud.
As a general rule, any card directly compatible with Apple Pascal
without requiring software modifications will probably be directly
compatible with Apple CP/M as well. Other peripheral cards may be
used if software supplied by the card manufacturer is bound to your
Apple CP/M system using the CONFIGIO utility program.
Slot Valid card Purpose
types
0 Not used for I/O Applesoft or Integer Basic ROM card
Language card (used by Apple CP/M)
1 2,3,4 Line printer interface (CP/M LST: device)
2 2,3,4 General purpose I/O (CP/M PUN: and RDR: revices)
3 2,3,4 Console output device (CP/M CRT: or TTY: device)
The normal Apple 24x40 screen used if no card here
4 1 Disk controller for drives E: and F:
Z80 Softcard may be installed here if no disk
controller here.
5 1 Disk controller dir drives C: and D:
6 1 Disk controller dir drives A: and B:
Must be present.
7 any type No assigned purpose. The Z-80 SoftCard may be
installed here (note about european Apple II's
in PAL mode: only a PAL color card may be inserted
here!)
If you do have an external terminal interface with a terminal interface card
in slot 3, it is recommended to remove it and to use the normal Apple screen
and keyboard until you have configured Apple CP/M for use with your terminal
with the CONFIGIO utility.
Apple Disk Drives
=================
CP/M name Slot # Drive #
1st drive: A: 6 1
2nd drive: B: 6 2
3rd drive: C: 5 1
4th drive: D: 5 2
5th drive: E: 4 1
6th drive: F: 4 2
Note: SoftCard CP/M up to 2.20B allows up to 6 drives, while versions
2.23, 2.25 and 2.26 allows only up to 4 drives. Generic CP/M allows
up to 16 drives.
Installing the Softcard
=======================
Make sure the four small DIP switches all are swithed to the OFF position.
This is the standard operating position for Apple CP/M.
Turn off your Apple II, insert the SoftCard into any unused slot except slot 0.
The standard slot for the SoftCard is slot 4. If slot 4 is occupied by a
disk controller card, choose some other slot.
Insert the other peripheral cards according to the list above which you
want to use.
Turn on your Apple II.
Apple CP/M specific programs
============================
FORMAT <drive>
e.g. FORMAT A: Format disk in drive A:
The Apple CP/M disk formatter
(Apple CP/M ver 2.23 and later has no FORMAT program, instead
disk formatting is integrated into the COPY program)
COPY <dest drive>=<source drive>[/S]
e.g. COPY B:=A: Copy disk in A: to disk in B:
COPY A:=A: Single-drive copy
COPY A:=A:/S Copy only the CP/M system tracks
COPY Prompts user for source and dest. drives
The Apple CP/M disk copy program. Copies the entire disk, overwriting
the whole destination disk. Can copy on a single drive too (PIP
requires two drives to copy from one disk to another)
CPM56 <drive>
e.g. CPM56 A:
Updates the CP/M system from 44K CP/M to 56K CP/M. 56K CP/M requires
a Language Card to work. CPM56 is preset only on the 16-sector Apple
CP/M disk.
CONFIGIO
An MBASIC program used to:
1. Redefine keyboard characters
2. Load User I/O Software
3. Configure Apple CP/M for use with an External Terminal
APDOS
Transfers data (files) from your Apple DOS disks to CP/M disks.
May be used to transfer text and binary files only. Does not
transfer files from CP/M disks to Apple DOS disks -- use the
Apple DOS utility CPMXFER for that.
DOWNLOAD
DOWNLOAD and UPLOAD enable the user to transfer CP/M files from
another CP/M machine to the Apple by means of an RS-232 serial
data link. UPLOAD is not included on either of the Apple CP/M
disks but should be typed in and assembled on the other CP/M
machine. Using these programs requires a working knowledge of
8080 assembly language programming.
RW13
Allows 16-sector APple CP/M to access files on a 13-sector Apple
CP/M disk. Requires at least two Disk II drives to work.
RW13 is preset only on the 16-sector Apple CP/M disk.
MBASIC/GBASIC [/filename] [/F:<no_files>] [/M:<max_mem>] [/S:<max_recsize>]
/filename Loads and executes a basic prgoram files (.BAS default ext)
/F:<no_files> Max number of concurrently open files (default=3)
Each file requires 166+128 bytes extra
/M:<max_mem> Highest mem location used by MBASIC (default all TPA)
/S:<max_recsize> Max record size allowed by random files (default 128)
The <no_files> and <max_mem> may be given as <decimal>, &O<octal>
or &H<hexadecimal>
These are Microsofts MBASIC interpreter, adapted for Apple CP/M.
It comes in two flavows: GBASIC supports Apple hires graphics while
MBASIC does not. Both basic's support Apple's lo-res graphics plus
a few other Apple specific things. GBASIC is preset only on the
16-sector Apple CP/M disk.
Typing at the Apple CP/M Keyboard
=================================
<-- Backspaces one character, deleting the char under the cursor
Ctrl-H
Ctrl-X Backsapces to the beginning of the line, deleting the line
Ctrl-R Retypes the current line
Ctrl-J Terminates input - same as RETURN key
Ctrl-E Physical end-of-line. Cursor moved to the beginning of next
line, but line is not terminated until RETURN is typed.
RUBOUT Deletes and "echoes" (reprints) the last character typed.
Also referred to as DEL or DELETE (ASCII 7Fh). Type Ctrl-@
to get RUBOUT on the Apple keyboard
A few characters normally unavailable on the Apple's keyboard have been
assigned to certain control characters, making them available:
Type: To get:
Ctrl-K [
Ctrl-@ RUBOUT
Ctrl-B \
Ctrl-U TAB (Ctrl-I)
These control characters can be redefined with the CONFIGIO program
Output Control
==============
Ctrl-S Temporarily stops character output to TTY: Output is resumed
when any character is typed
Cltr-P Sends all character output to LPT: as well as to TTY:
This "printer echo" mode remains in effect until another Ctrl-P
is typed.
CP/M Warm Boot: Ctrl-C
======================
When Ctrl-C is typed as the first character on a line, CP/M performs a
"warm boot", causing CP/M to be reloaded from disk to insure that it is
in working order. You should ALWAYS type Ctrl-C whenever you change
disks.
Hitting the RESET Key
=====================
On a system having the Autostart ROM hitting the RESET key while in
CP/M will cause CP/M to warm boot, returning to CP/M. Hitting the
RESET key while in MBASIC/GBASIC will result in a "Reset error",
which can be trapped using "ON ERROR GOTO".
On a system having the older Monitor ROM, hitting the REST key will
land you in the Apple Monitor. You can recover by typing Ctrl-Y RETURN,
after which the behaviour will be the same as for the Autostart ROM.
Changing CP/M Disks
===================
Unlike Apple DOS you cannot indiscriminately change disks in drives
with CP/M. When you change disks, you must let CP/M know that you
have done so, because certain disk directory information is stored in
memory at all times and used to allocate space on the disk. When you
cahnge disks, this information must be replaced by the corresponding
information for the new disk.
To let CP/M know you have changed disks, type Ctrl-C to execute a CP/M
"warm boot". Do so AFTER you have changed the disks. You should get
used to typing Ctrl-C often.
If you don't type Ctrl-C after having changed disks, and a WRITE is
attempted to the changed disk, CP/M will display:
BDOS ERR ON x:Disk R/O (where x: is a disk drive A:-F:)
(R/O means Read Only). When you receive this message, hit RETURN.
This will perform a CP/M warm boot and return you to CP/M, terminating
any application you may have been running.
The above error will apply only to changed disks which are to be WRITTEN.
No error will result if you attempt to READ from the changed disk without
having typed Ctrl-C first.
6502/Z-80 Address Translation
=============================
The SoftCard performs address translation from the Z-80 to the Apple II
address bus. Below Z-80 addresses are written with a trailing 'H' while
6502 addresses are written with a leading '$':
Z-80 addr 6502 addr
000H-00FFH $1000-$1FFF Z-80 address zero
100H-10FFH $2000-$2FFF
200H-20FFH $3000-$3FFF
300H-30FFH $4000-$4FFF
400H-40FFH $5000-$5FFF
500H-50FFH $6000-$6FFF
600H-60FFH $7000-$7FFF
700H-70FFH $8000-$8FFF
800H-80FFH $9000-$9FFF
900H-90FFH $A000-$AFFF
0A00H-0A0FFH $B000-$BFFF
0B00H-0B0FFH $D000-$DFFF
0C00H-0C0FFH $E000-$EFFF
0D00H-0D0FFH $F000-$FFFF 6502 RESET, NMI, BREAK vectors
0E00H-0E0FFH $C000-$CFFF 6502 memory mapped I/O
0F00H-0F0FFH $0000-$0FFF 6502 zero page, stack, Apple screen, CP/M RWTS
Apple II CP/M Memory Usage
==========================
6502 address Z-80 address
$800-$FFF 0F800H-0FFFFH Apple CP/M disk drivers and buffers ("RWTS")
$400-$7FFF 0F400H-0F7FFH Apple screen memory
$200-$3FF 0F200H-0F3FFH I/O config block, device drivers
$000-$1FF 0F000H-0F1FFH Reserved area:6502 page zero and 6502 stack
$C000-$CFFF 0E000H-0EFFFH Apple memory mapped I/O
$FFFA-$FFFF 0DFFAH-0DFFFH 6502 RESET, NMI and BREAK vectors
$D400-$FFF9 0C400H-0DFF9H 56K Langauge Card CP/M (if Lang. Card installed)
$D000-$D3FF 0C000H-0C3FFH Top 1K of free RAM with 56K CP/M
$A400-$BFFF 9400H-0AFFFH 44K CP/M (free memory with 56K CP/M
$1100-$A3FF 0100H-93FFH Free RAM
$1000-$10FF 0000H-00FFH CP/M page zero
Interrupt handling
==================
Because of the way the 6502 is "put to sleep" by the Z-80 SoftCard using the
DMA line on the Apple bus, ALL interrupt processing must be handled by the
6502. AN interrupt can occur at two times: while in Z-80 mode and while in
6502 mode:
Handling the interrupt in 6502 mode: handle the interrupt in the usual way:
simply end the interrupt processing routine with an RTI instruction.
Handling the interrupt in Z-80 mode: both processors are interrupted
when an interrupt occurs in Z_80 mode. Here is a step-by-step process
for hadling an interrupt while in Z-80 mode:
1. Save any registers that are destroyed on the stack
2. Save the contents of the 6502 subroutine call address (see Calling
of 6502 subroutines below) in case an interrupt has occurred during a
6502 subroutine call.
3. Set up the 6502 subroutine call address to FF58, which is the address
of a 6502 RTS instruction in the Apple Monitor ROM.
4. Return control to the 6502 by performing a write to the address of
the Z-80 card (again see Calling of 6502 Subroutines).
5. When contorl is returned to the Z-80, restore the previous 6502
subroutine call address.
6. Restore all used Z_80 registers from the stack.
7. Enable interrupts with an EI instruction.
8. Return with a RET instruction.
Console Cursor Addressing and Screen Control
============================================
There are nine screen functions supported by Apple CP/M
1. Clear Screen
2. Clear to End of Page
3. Clear to End of Line
4. Set Normal (lolite) Text Mode
5. Set Inverse (hilite) Text Mode
6. Home Cursor
7. Address Cursor
8. Move Cursor Up
9. Non-destructively Move Cursor Forward
The Backspace character (Ctrl-H, ASCII 8) is assumed to move the cursor
backwards, and the Line Feed character (Ctrl-J, ASCII 10) is assumed to
move the cursor down one line.
Screen function character sequences supported by Apple CP/M mey be of
two forms:
1. A single control character, or
2. Any ACII characters preceded by a single character lead-in
Screen function sequences longer than two characters are not supported
The internal format of each of the two 11-byte tables are identical. Below
are listed the function number, the hexadecimal address and a description
of each table entry.
Funct # Software Hardware Description
0F396H 0F3A1H Cursor addr coordinate offset.
Range 0-127. If hi bit is 0, the
X/Y coordinates are expected to be
transmitted Y first, X last. If hi
bit is 1, X first Y last is expected
0F397H 0F3A2H Lead-in character, zero if no lead-in
Note: the following rules apply to the screen function table
entries below: if the table entry is zero, the function is not
implemented. If the entry has the high bit order set, the function
requires a lead-in. An entry with the high order bit clear means
the function does not require a lead-in.
1 0F398H 0F3A3H Clear Screen
2 0F399H 0F3A4H Clear to End of Page
3 0F39AH 0F3A5H Clear to End of Line
4 0F39BH 0F3A6H Set Normal (lo-line) Text Mode
5 0F39CH 0F3A7H Set Inverse (hi-lite) Text Mode
6 0F39DH 0F3A8H Home Cursor
7 0F39EH 0F3A9H Address Cursor (see above)
8 0F39FH 0F3AAH Move Cursor Up One Line
9 0F3A0H 0F3ABH Non-destructively Move Cursor Forward
The standard 24x40 Apple screen supports all nine function independent
of the Hardware Screen Function Table. However if a Software Screen
Function Table entry is zero, that function will be disabled.
The Hardware and SOftware Screen Fucntion Tables can be examined and
modified with the CONFIGIO program.
It is possible to write programs that use the information contained in
these tables to perform screen functions. These programs would then
work with ANY terminal, as long as the Hardware Screen Function Table
was set up correctly - however such a prgoram would work only on
Apple SoftCard CP/M and not on any other CP/M system.
Keyboard redefinition
=====================
Keyboard redefinition take place only during input from the TTY: and
CRT: devices. The Keyboard Character Redefinition Table will support
up to six character redefinitions. The table is located at 0F3ACH
from the Z-80. Entries in the table are two bytes: the first is the
ASCII value of the character to be redefined, and the second is the
redefined ASCII character. Both bytes must have their high bits cleared.
If there are less than six entries in this table, end end of the table
is denoted by a byte with the high order bit set.
Modifications of the Keyboard Character Redefinition Table may be made
using the CONFIGIO program.
Support of Non-Standard Peripherals and I/O Software
====================================================
The I/O Info Block also provides for support of non-standard Apple
peripherals and I/O software. All the primitive character I/O
functions are vectored through the I/O Vector Table within the
I/O Config Block. These vectors normally point to the standard I/O
routine located in the CP/M BIOS, but they can be altered by the user
to point to his own drivers. Three blocks of 128 bytes each are
provided within the I/O COnfig block for user I/O driver software:
Address Assigned Slot Assigned Logical Device
0F200H-0F27FH 1 LST: - line pritner device
0F280H-0FF7FH 2 PUN: and RDR: - general purpose I/O
0F300H-0F37FH 3 TTY: - the console device
Most APple I/O interface cards have 6502 ROM drivers on the card.
The easiest way to interface these types of cards to Apple CP/M is to
write Z-80 code to call the 6502 subroutine on the ROM.
If no card is installed in a particular slot, its allocated 128-byte
space can be used for other purposes relating to its assigned logical
device. Thes einclude lower-case input drivers for Apple keyboard,
cassette tape interface, etc.
I/O driver subroutinesa re patched to APple CP/M by patching the
appropriate I/O vector to point to the subroutine. A table of vector
locations and their porposes is shown below:
Vec # Addr Vector Name Description
1 0F380H Console Status Return 0FFH in A if char ready, 00H if not
2 0F382H Console Input #1 Return char from console into A with
3 0F384H Console Input #2 hi bit clear
4 0F386H Console Output #1 Send ASCII char in C to
5 0F388H Console Output #2 console device
6 0F38AH Reader Input #1 Read char from "Paper Tape Reader"
7 0F38CH Reader Input #2 device into A
8 0F38EH Punch Output #1 Send char in C to "Paper Tape Punch"
9 0F390H Punch Output #2 device
10 0F392H List Output #1 Send char in C to
11 0F394H List Output #2 "Line Printer" device
Vec # Addr Addr Device
SS BIOS PS IIe BIOS
1 0F380H 0F3C0H Console status (no CP/M device)
2 0F382H 0F3C2H Input TTY: = CRT:
3 0F384H 0F3C4H Input UC1:
4 0F386H 0F3C6H Output TTY: = CRT:
5 0F388H 0F3C8H Output UC1:
6 0F38AH 0F3CAH Input PTR:
7 0F38CH 0F3CCH Input UR1: = UR2:
8 0F38EH 0F3CEH Output PTP:
9 0F390H 0F3D0H Output UP1: = UP2:
10 0F392H 0F3D2H Output LPT:
11 0F394H 0F3D4H Output UL1:
Note: during console output, the B register contains a number corresponding
to one of the nine supported screen functions during output of a screen
function. B contains zero during normal character output. B is also
non-zero during the output of the Cursor Address X/Y coords after
executing screen function #7.
Assigning logical to physical I/O devices: the IOBYTE
IOBYTE at 0003H: LIST PUNCH READER CONSOLE
bits: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
The value of each field can be in the range 0-3:
CONSOLE field (bits 0,1):
0 - TTY: device
1 - CRT: device
2 - BAT: - batch mode, uses RDR: for input and LST: for output
3 - UC1: - User defined CONSOLE device
READER field (bits 2,3):
0 - TTY: device
1 - PTR: device ("paper tape reader")
2 - UR1: - User defined READER device #1
3 - UR2: - User defined READER device #2
PUNCH field (bits 4,5):
0 - TTY: device
1 - PTP: device ("paper tape punch")
2 - UP1: - User defined PUNCH #1
3 - UP2: - User defined PUNCH #2
LIST field (bits 6,7):
0 - TTY: device
1 - CRT: device
2 - LPT: device ("line printer")
3 - UL1: - User defined LIST device
Default device assignments are:
CON: = CRT:
RDR: = PTR:
PUN: = PTP:
LST: = LPT:
TTY: Either the standard Apple screen/keyboard or an external
terminal installed in slot 3. This routine vectors through Console
Input #1 and Console Output #1. The Console status is always vectored
through the Console Status vector.
CRT: Same as TTY:
UC1: User defined console device. Vectored through Console Input #2 and
Console Output #2.
PTR: A standard Apple interface capable of doing INPUT installed into
slot 2. If no card is plugged into slot 2, the PTR: device always returns
a 1Ah end-of-file character. Input from the PTR: device is vectored
through Reader Input vector #1. Characters are returned in the A register.
UR1: User defined reader #1. A character read from this device is returned
in the A register.
UR2: User defined reader #2. This device is physically the same as UR1:.
PTP: Any standard Apple interface capable of doing OUTPUT installed into
slot 2. If no card is plugged into slot 2, the PTP: device does nothing.
Output to the PTP: device is vectored through Punch Output vector #1.
UP1: User defined punch #1. The character in register C is output
through Punch Output vector #2.
IP2: User defined ounch #2. This device is physically the same as UP1:.
LPT: The LPT. device is any standard Apple interface card installed into
slot 1 capable of doing output. The character in register C is output
thoguh the List Output vector #1.
UL1: User defined list device. the character in register C is output via
List Output vector #2.
The IOBYTE can be changed with the STAT program, or it may be modified
from an assembly langauge program using the CP/M Get IOBYTE
and Set IOBYTE (#7 & #8) functions.
Patching User Software Via the I/O Vector Table
===============================================
User subroutines can be aptched into the I/O Configuration Block with
the CONFIGIO program. Any patches made can also be permanently saved
onto a CP/M system disk as well with CONFIGIO.
To creade a code tile, use ASM to write the driver software,
and then use LOAD to create a COM file.
The code file loaded by CONFGIO must be of certain internal format.
Only one code segment may be patched into the I/O Configuration Block
per code file. However, as many vectors in the I/O Vector Table may be
patched as desred.
Below is outlined the format of a disk code file to be loaded with
CONFIGIO and patched to the I/O Configuration Block:
First byte: No of patches to I/O Vector Table to be made
Next 2 bytes: Destinationa ddress of program code
Next 2 bytes: Length of program code
Repeat for each I/O vector patch to be made:
Next byte: Vector Patch type - either 1 or 2
If Vector Patch type = 1:
Next byte: Vector number to be patched, 1-11
Next 2 bytes: Address to be patched into the vector
If Vector Patch type = 2:
Next byte: Vector number to be patched, 1-11
Next 2 bytes: Address in which to place the current contents of the vector
(may be the address field of a JMP, etc)
Next 2 bytes: New address to be placed in the specified vector
Next: The actual program code is located after the patch
information above. Convention restricts the size of the
program code to 128 bytes per slot-dependent block. Use
the block approproate for your application and slot use.
Calling of 6502 Subroutine
==========================
The 6502 is enabled from the Z-80 by a WRITE to the slot-dependent
location 0EN00H, where N is the slot location of the Z-80 card. Z-80
mode is selected from 6502 mode with a WRITE to the same slot
dependent location, which is addressed as $CN00 in 6502 mode. The
location of the SoftCard will vary from system to system.
When the system is booted, the location of the SoftCard is determined
by Apple CP/M and its address is stored in the I/O Configuration Block.
This address is thus available to CP/M software for calling 6502
subroutines.
Calling the 6502 subroutine is a simple matter. Set up the address
of the subroutine to be called, and then write to the address of the
Z-80 SoftCard. One can also pass parameters to and from 6502
subroutines through the 6502 A, X, Y, P (Status) registers. The 6502
stack pointer is also available after a 6502 subroutine call.
Z-80 addr 6502 addr Purpose
0F045H $45 6502 A register pass area
0F046H $46 6502 X register pass area
0F047H $47 6502 Y register pass area
0F048H $48 6502 P register pass area
0F049H $49 Contains 6502 stack pointer on exit
0F3DEH Address of Z-80 Softcard here as 0EN00H
0F3D0H Address of 6502 subroutine to be called stored here
$3C0 Start address of 6502-to-Z80 mode switching routine.
6502 RESET, NMI and BREAK vectors point here. A
JMP to this address puts the 6502 on "hold" and
returns to Z-80 mode.
03C0: LDA $C083 ;Put Apple Language Card into read/write mode
LDA $C083
STA SOFTCARD ;Enable SoftCard, disable 6502
START: LDA $C081 ;Enable Apple Monitor ROM
JSR SET6502 ;Load the 6502 registers from $45 to $48
JSR ROUTINE ;Run the 6502 subroutine
STA $C081 ;Make sure ROM is enabled
SEI ;Disble 6502 interrupts
JSR SAVE ;Store 6502 registers into $45 to $49
JMP $3C0 ;Loop back to beginning
Note: Locations $800-$FFF are used by the Apple CP/M disk drivers and
buffers ("RWTS") and are NOT available for use by a 6502 subroutine.
Language Card Users: When in Z-80 mode, the Language Card RAM is both
read- and write-enabled. When a 6502 subroutine is called, the APple
on-board ROM is automatically enabled, making the Apple Monitor
available to the 6502 subroutine. However the Langauge Card RAM is
write-enabled during a 6502 call, i.e. a write to any location above
$D000 will write in the Languae Card RAM.
A side effect of read-enabling the on-board Apple ROM's is that the
Z80 memory from 0C000H to 0EFFFH ($D000-$FFFF on 6502) cannot be
READ by te 6502, unless the appropriate LAnguage Card addresses can be
accessed.
The first of the two available 4K banks in the Language Card is not used
by 56K Apple CP/M.
Presence and Location of Perhpheral Cards
=========================================
The Card Type Table is located at 0F3B9H, and the entry for a given slot
is located at 0F3B8H + S where S is an integer from 1 to 7. The contents
are:
0 No peripheral card ROM detected (usually there's no card here)
1 A peripheral card ROm of unknown type was detected
2 Apple Disk II Controller card
3 Apple Communications Card or CCS 7710A Serial Interface
4 Super Serial Card, or Videx Videoterm, or M&R SUp-R-Term or
Apple Silentype interface card
5 Apple Parallell Printer Card
6 Firmware Card (SoftCard CP/M ver 2.23 and higher)
The Disk Count Byte, located at 0F3B8H, is a single byte equal to the
number of disk controller cards in the system times two. This value does
not reflect an odd number of disk drives.
Each peripheral card has signature bytes at:
$Cn05 $Cn07 $Cn0B $Cn0C
where n is the slot number. Apple CP/M looks at $Cn05 and $Cn07
only. Versions 2.23 and later also inspects $Cn0B.
Card type Signature Bytes
$Cn05 $Cn07 $Cn0B
Parallell Card $48 $48
Communications Card $18 $38
Super Serial Card $38 $18
Disk Controller Card $03 $3C
Firmware Card $01
Microsoft SoftCard Version 2.20B BIOS
=====================================
The BIOS for the Microsoft Softcard 56K CP/M version 2.20B extends
intp the Apple Language Card area but uses only bank 2 of the Language
Card. The Language Card bank 1 is left unused.
All the logical device routines use the IOCB. The IOBYTE is used to
determine which physical device is to be used. The address for that
device is taken from the IOCB and a jump is made to that address.
DA00H - DA32H BIOS vector jump tables
DA33H - DA92H Disk Parameter Headers for six drives
DA93H - DAA1H Disk Parameter Block
DAA2H - DAC4H Slot init routine, initializes communications and
serial cards from slot 7 to slot 7. The ACIA
is set to 7 data bits, even parity, 2 stop bits,
xmit interrupts enabled
DAC5H - DACBH Routine to place En00H in HL where n = slot # passed in E
DACCH - DB07H WBOOT routine:
Init SP
Call warm loader at $E00
Init slots
Init CP/M BDOS zero page
Patch CCP for 2-column or 4-column DIR
DAFDH = 1 for 2 cols, 3 for 4 cols
Jmp to CCP at accress C400H
DB08H - DB0BH CONST - Console Status from IOCB at F380H
DB0CH - DB11H CONST routine for Apple keyboard
DB12H - DB28H CONIN - Console Input routine
Call input char routine at DB50H
Check against redefinition table at F3ACH
Return with translated char in A
DB29H - DB3AH Default address in IOCB for console input
Set DE to 3 for slot 3
If 80-col card in slot 3, patch next jump to
appropriate routine
If no 80-col card, go to Apple kdb input at DB2FH
DB3BH - DB41H Routine to set up and make call to the 6502. On entry
HL contains 6502 program address
DB42H Routine to place A into C and fall into CONOUT
DB43H - DB4FH CONOUT Checks the IOBYTE for the output device then jumps
to the selected routine.
DB50H - DB61H Character input routine, checks IOBYTE then goes to the
selected routine
DB62H - DB65H A jump to the physical PTR: device. May be used by the
console input or logical RDR: device
DB66H - DB74H LIST The logical LST: device routine, checks IOBYTE then
goes to the selected routine
DB75H - DB86H PUNCH The logical PUN: device, checks IOBYTE then goes to
the selected routine
DB87H - DB95H READER The logical RDR: device, checks IOBYTE then goes to
the selected routine
DB96H - DBB7H A routine for 80-column cards. Conditions the memory
locations and looks to see if an escape sequence is coming.
Control is passed to routines to perform specific functions
depending on how the output is to be performed.
DBB8H - DBDFH Routine to position the cursor in the GOTOXY sequence
DBE0H - DBF4H Routine that checks to see if there was a terminal lead-in
character sent and calls routines as requires
DBF5H - DC3DH Routine that considers all the possible combinations and
finally prints the character to the console via physical
devices TTY: or UC1: as required
DC3EH - DC43H Physical TTY: device. This is the general console output
routine. THe jump address to the specific output routine
is patched during the cold boot. Since the output routines
are slot-dependent, the slot number of the console is supplied
in location DC3FH. The slot number here is 3.
DC44H - DCDEH Screen output routine for the standard 40-column Apple screen.
This is the routine patched into the former routine if no
serial or 80-column card is found in slot 3.
DCDFH - DCE9H The comm card output routine. A status loop runs, and when
ACIA is ready, character in C register is transmitted.
DCEEH - DD03H Preparatory routine for setting up a serial card for either
input or output.
DD04H - DD11H The serial card output routine, performed by calling the 6502
DD12H - DD1BH The comm card input routine. Resembles the output routine in
structure.
DD1CH - DD2AH Serial card input routine.
DD2BH - DD30H Physical LPT: device output function. Jump is made to card
driver routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type in slot 1. Since the card routines are
slot dependent, this routine supplies the slot number in
location DD2CH
DD31H - DD3EH Parallell card output routine
DD3FH - DD44H Physical PTP: device output function. Jump is made to card
driver routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type found in slot 2.
DD45H - DD4CH Physical PTR: device output function. Jump to card drive
routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type found in slot 2.
DD4BH - DD55H HOME A disk routine to select track 0
DD56H - DD5AH SETTRK A disk routine to select the track in register C
DD5BH - DD6CH A computational routine used by the peripheral card drivers
and disk I/O routines to get needed slot and memory addresses
and the numbers passed to them from the physical device routines
DD6DH - DD88H SELDSK Select the disk drive and set flags to notify the disk
I/O routines if the drive has been changed or a nonexistent
drive was called
DD89H - DD8DH SETSEC Select the 128-byte CP/M sector
DD8EH - DD92H SETDMA Select the disk I/O buffer accress
DD93H - DDA2H READ Set up the disk read operation according to all the
CP/M protocols
DDA3H - DDF1H WRITE Perform the disk write operation using CP/M protocols
DDF2H - DE72H Used by both READ and WRITE to make sure the CP/M protocols
are met. A sector skew is done with the CP/M sector skew
table. The data is moved to or from the CP/M RWTS buffer
at $800. The read or write operation is then called.
DE73H - DE91H Do the actual read or write by calling the 6502 CP/M RWTS
DE92H - DEA1H The CP/M logical sector skew table, which relates the 256-byte
sector number to the logical 128-byte sector number used by
CP/M.
F200H - F37FH The I/O Patch area: space for user provided routines required
for special I/O situations. The IOCB must be patched to vector
the device I/O to the routines in this area.
F380H - F395H IOCB containing the vectors to the CP/M physical devices
F396H - F3AAH Table used by the console routines to perform console functions.
Can be adapted to a variety of terminals.
F3C0H - F3FFH Space used by the Apple Monitor ROM to vector the interrupts
and resets. The vectors under CP/M all points to $3C0, so
the Z-80 never loses control of the Apple.
F800H - F900H The data buffer used by the CP/M RWTS
FA00H - FFFCH The CP/M RWTS routines, written in 6502 assembly
The CPM56.COM map
=================
On Apple II SoftCard CP/M systems, the Standard CP/M utilities MOVCPM
and SYSGEN are missing. Instead we have CPM56.COM on 56K CP/M
systems. Patches are most easily stored on the system tracks by
patching a copy of CPM56.COM and then running it to store the patched
system on the system tracks.
The program CPM56.COM contains the entire 56K CP/M system image. It's
easiest to modify the BIOS by making modifications to CPM56.COM and
then running it to put the image on the system tracks of a disk.
Below is a mapping of the CPM56.COM program when loaded in memory by
DDT
100H - 2FFH The command portion of CPM56.COM
300H - 3FFH The boot 1 portion: loads from track 0 sector 0 and is
responsible for loading the CP/M RWTS sectors into the
memory range $A000-$FFF and the boot 2 portion into the
range $1000-$13FF.
400H - 9FFH The CP/M RWTS
A00H - BFFH The boot 2
C00H - D7FH The I/O Patch area, which gets moved by boot 2 to F200H-F37FH
D80H The IOCB console status vector
D82H The IOCB console input vector 1, or the TTY: device
D84H The IOCB console input vector 2, or the UC1: device
D86H The IOCB console output vector 1, or the TTY: device
D88H The IOCB console output vector 1, or the UC1: device
D8AH The IOCB reader vector 1, or the PTR: device
D8CH The IOCB reader vector 2, or the UR1: device
D8EH The IOCB punch vector 1, or the PTP: device
D90H The IOCB punch vector 2, or the UP1: device
D92H The IOCB list vector 1, or the LST: device
D94H The IOCB list vector 2, or the UL1: device
D96H - DFFH The console hardware and software definition tables and the
remainder of page 3 routines and vectors. The data in the
range D80H-DFFH gets moved by boot 2 to F380H-F3FFH
E00H-15FFH The CCP
1600H-23FFH The BDOS
2400H-29A7H The BIOS
29A8H-29E7H The cold boot routine
29E8H-29FFH Patches required for 2.20B to run a turnkey and correct
a disk read/rwite problem
The CPM56 Diskette Map
======================
The Apple CP/M diskette system tracks are mapped as follows:
Trk 00H Sec 00H Boot 1 sector
Trk 00H Sec 01H - Trk 00H Sec 06H CP/M RWTS
Trk 00H Sec 07H - Trk 00H Sec 08H Boot 2 routine
Trk 00H Sec 09H - Trk 00H Sec 0AH I/O Patch Area, page F300H routines+tables
Trk 00H Sec 0BH - Trk 01H Sec 02H CCP
Trk 01H Sec 03H - Trk 02H Sec 00H BDOS
Trk 02H Sec 01H - Trk 02H Sec 06H BIOS
CP/M RWTS sectors are used in this table
CPM56 Card Driver Entry Points
==============================
A list of entry points to the peripheral card drivers is useful for
BIOS patching:
DCDFH Entry to the Communications Card output routine
DD04H Entry to the Serial Card output routine
DD12H Entry to the Communications Card input routine
DD1CH Entry to the Serial Card input routine
DD31H Entry to the Parallell Card output routine
ALl these enty points require that DE contains the card slot
number upon entry. The A and C registers are used as required by
the CP/M protocols.
Microsoft SoftCard Version 2.23 BIOS
====================================
THe Microsoft 2.20B BIOS uses some ingainly fixes to correct a few
problems, but still a few problems remain in the area of hardware
interfacing. Most of these problems are corrected in the SoftCard
2.23 BIOS.
The hardware interfacing is greatly improved because version 2.23
uses Apple Computer's protocols for operating what Apple calls
Formware Cards. Most of the cards that can operate a host of
peripheral devices and have them do all sorts of neat tricks are
Firmware Cards. Version 2.20B could not identify Firmware Cards and
would often use the wrong I/O drives. This caused a grinding of
teeth by those unfortunates who invested in expensive equipment and
could not get it to operate under CP/M. Version 2.23 will operate
the Firmware Cards, if the card manufacturer followed the Apple
protocols.
Another improvement in 2.23 is that the BIOS Comm Card driver uses
the 6502 instead of the Z-80 to access the ACIA. The Z-80 has a
memory refresh provision, which causes the address to be accessed
to be preread before the actual reading or writing occurs. Reading
the data port on an ACAI clears the ACAI status flags, which means
the data can disappear before a second read is made. You can lose
data when the ACIA is read by the Z-80; using the 6502 instead
eliminates this problem.
The 60K 2.23 BIOS has a bigger TPA than the 56K 2.20B verison because
both 4K banked memories in the Language Card are used. Version 2.23
uses bank 1 to store the BIOS disk-handling routines, which include
the 6502 CP/M RWTS, the Z-80 BIOS routines, and two-thirds of the BDOS,
which leaves bank 2 available for program memory.
F200H - F37FH The I/O Patch area: space for user provided routines required
for special I/O situations. The IOCB must be patched to vector
the device I/O to the routines in this area.
F380H - F395H IOCB containing the vectors to the CP/M physical devices
F396H - F3AAH Table used by the console routines to perform console functions.
Can be adapted to a variety of terminals.
$3C0 - $3DA Routine which calls the 6502 microprocessor
$3F0 - $3FF Space used by the Apple Monitor ROM to vector the interrupts
and resets. The vectors under CP/M all points to $3C0, so
the Z-80 never loses control of the Apple.
$800 - $900 Default I/O bbuffer area used by the CP/M RWTS
$900 - $9FF A nibble buffer used by the CP/M RWTS
FA00H - FA32H BIOS vector jump tables
FA33H - FA92H Disk Parameter Headers for six drives
FA93H - FAA1H Disk Parameter Block
FA82H - FAB0H Slot init routine, initializes communications and
serial cards from slot 7 to slot 7. The ACIA
is set to 7 data bits, even parity, 2 stop bits,
xmit interrupts enabled
FAB1H - FAB7H Routine to place En00H in HL where n = slot # passed in E
FAB8H - FB0FH WBOOT routine:
Init SP
Call warm loader at $E00
Init slots
Init CP/M BDOS zero page
Patch CCP for 2-column or 4-column DIR
FB05H = 1 for 2 cols, 3 for 4 cols
Jmp to CCP at accress E400H
FB10H - FB13H CONST - Console Status from IOCB at F380H
FB14H - FB19H CONST routine for Apple keyboard
FB1AH - FB32H CONIN - Console Input routine
Call input char routine at FB5AH
Check against redefinition table at F3ACH
Return with translated char in A
FB33H - FB38H Default address in IOCB for console input
Set DE to 3 for slot 3
If 80-col card in slot 3, patch next jump to
appropriate routine
If no 80-col card, go to Apple kdb input at FB39H
FB45H - FB4BH Routine to set up and make call to the 6502. On entry
HL contains 6502 program address
FB4CH Routine to place A into C and fall into CONOUT
FB4DH - FB59H CONOUT Checks the IOBYTE for the output device then jumps
to the selected routine.
FB5AH - FB6BH Character input routine, checks IOBYTE then goes to the
selected routine
FB6CH - FB6FH A jump to the physical PTR: device. May be used by the
console input or logical RDR: device
FB70H - FB7EH LIST The logical LST: device routine, checks IOBYTE then
goes to the selected routine
FB7FH - FB90H PUNCH The logical PUN: device, checks IOBYTE then goes to
the selected routine
FB91H - FB9FH READER The logical RDR: device, checks IOBYTE then goes to
the selected routine
FBA0H - FBCAH A routine for 80-column cards. Conditions the memory
locations and looks to see if an escape sequence is coming.
Control is passed to routines to perform specific functions
depending on how the output is to be performed.
FBCBH - FBF1H Routine to position the cursor in the GOTOXY sequence
The routine jumps to FCA4H. ROutines required for the
functioning of the routine at FBA0H are also placed out
of sequence compared to ver 2.20B and start at address
FC56H. This displacement is required so that room for a
nibble buffer used by the RWTS can be located at $C00
FBF4H - FBF8H SETSEC Select the 128-byte CP/M sector
FBF9H - FBFDH SETDMA Select the disk I/O buffer accress
$C00 - $C55 One of the CP/M RWTS nibble buffers
FC56H - FC6AH Routine that checks to see if there was a terminal lead-in
character sent and calls routines as requires
FC6BH - FCB4H Routine that considers all the possible combinations and
finally prints the character to the console via physical
devices TTY: or UC1: as required
FC5BH - FCBAH Physical TTY: device. This is the general console output
routine. THe jump address to the specific output routine
is patched during the cold boot. Since the output routines
are slot-dependent, the slot number of the console is supplied
in location DC3FH. The slot number here is 3.
FCBBH - FD0DH Screen output routine for the standard 40-column Apple screen.
This is the routine patched into the former routine if no
serial or 80-column card is found in slot 3.
FD0EH - FD27H The comm card output routine, using 6502 code. A status loop
runs; when ACIA is ready, character in C register is transmitted.
FD28H - FD70H Screen function routines, located in the BIOS out of sequence
compared to version 2.20B
FD71H - FD82H The serial card output routine, performs the output by calling
the 6502
FD83H - FD98H Preparatory routine for setting up a serial card for either
input or output.
FD99H - FDA8H Contole status routine for a Firmware Card, which calls a 6502
routine for operation
FDA9H - FDB6H Firmware Card output routine, calls a 6502 routine for operation
FDB7H - FDC0H Firmware Card input routine, calls 6502 code at $E0F
FDC1H - FDCFH Serial card input routine.
$DD0 - $DE0 Firmware Card initialization routine, followed by a routine
that uses the Apple protocol for firmware I/O
$DE1 - $DEE Firmware Card output routine
$DEF - $DFA Formware Card routine which waits for card to accept I/O
$E00 - $E02 CP/M entry to the warm loader routine
$E03 - $E08 Entry to CP/M RWTS routine on Language Card bank 1
$E09 - $E0E Second entry to warm loader routine on bank 1 of Lang Card
$E0F - $E1C Firmware Card input routine
$E1D - $E25 Firmware Card routine to obtain the card's I/O status
$E26 - $E3E Sets up all parameters used by the Firmware Card protocol
and set up the coresident ROM area at $C800 to be ready for
the Firmware Card's requirements
$E3F - $E4A Called by the routine at $3C0 to set all the 6502 registers
and flags from their respective memory areas. The 6502
interrupt is also enabled
FE48H - FE54H The comm card input routine. Resembles the output routine in
structure.
FE55H - FE5AH Physical LPT: device output function. Jump is made to card
driver routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type in slot 1. Since the card routines are
slot dependent, this routine supplies the slot number in
location DD2CH
FE5BH - FE68H Parallell card output routine
FE69H - FE6EH Physical PTP: device output function. Jump is made to card
driver routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type found in slot 2.
FE6FH - FE74H Physical PTR: device output function. Jump to card drive
routine. Jump address is loaded during cold boot and
depends on card type found in slot 2.
FE75H - FE7FH HOME A disk routine to select track 0
FE80H - FE84H SETTRK A disk routine to select the track in register C
FE85H - FE96H A computational routine used by the peripheral card drivers
and disk I/O routines to get needed slot and memory addresses
and the numbers passed to them from the physical device routines
FE97H - FEC5H SELDSK Select the disk drive and set flags to notify the disk
I/O routines if the drive has been changed or a nonexistent
drive was called
FEC6H - FECBH READ Entry point to the disk read routine found on bank 1
of the Language Card
FECCH - FED1H WRITE Entry point to the disk write routine found on bank 1
of the Language Card
FED2H - FED8H Called when the 6502 must be called by code on bank 1
FED9H - FEDFH Called when a disk I/O error is encountered by disk-handling
code on bank 1. Bank 2 is sswitched back on, and the BDOS
error routine is called
FEE0H - FEE3H Bank 1 routines returns here -- bank 2 is turned back on
$FFAC - $FFE8 CP/M RWTS prenibblizing routines, located above BDOS in memory
and doesn't neatly fit into this memory map. Microsoft had
to put it here to fit the second segment of BDOS on bank 1
of the Language Card. Version 2.23 gets choppy from here on.
The following are located on bank 1 of the Langauge Card
$D000 - $D246 The first segment of the CP/M RWTS. The RWTS is split into
two segments for reasons known only to Microsoft.
B247H - B256H The disk read operation, set up according to the CP/M protocols
B257H - B270H The disk write operation, performed according to CP/M protocols
B271H - B333H Used by both READ and WRITE to make sure the CP/M protocols
are met. A sector skew is done with the CP/M sector skew
table. The data is moved to or from the CP/M RWTS buffer
at $800. The read or write operation is then called.
B334H - B358H Do the actual read or write by calling the 6502 CP/M RWTS
B359H - B368H The CP/M logical sector skew table, which relates the 256-byte
sector number to the logical 128-byte sector number used by
CP/M.
$D369 - $D5BC The second segment of the CP/M RWTS
B5C0H - BFFFH The second BDOS segment. This is not hte BIOS, but is included
for completeness.
The CPM60.COM map
=================
On Apple II SoftCard CP/M systems, the Standard CP/M utilities MOVCPM
and SYSGEN are missing. Instead we have CPM60.COM on 60K CP/M
systems. Patches are most easily stored on the system tracks by
patching a copy of CPM60.COM and then running it to store the patched
system on the system tracks.
The program CPM60.COM contains the entire 60K CP/M system image. It's
easiest to modify the BIOS by making modifications to CPM60.COM and
then running it to put the image on the system tracks of a disk.
Below is a mapping of the CPM60.COM program when loaded in memory by
DDT
100H - 3FFH The command portion of CPM60.COM
400H - 4FFH The boot 1 portion: loads from track 0 sector 0 and is
responsible for loading the CP/M RWTS sectors into the
memory range $A000-$FFF, loading boot 2 into $1000-$12FF,
and loading the $300-page area into $1300-$13FF
500H - 746H The first segment of the CP/M RWTS
747H - 858H The BIOS read/write portions of the disk handling routines
859H - AFFH The second segment of the CP/M RWTS
B00H - CFFH The boot 2
D00H - E7FH The I/O Patch area, which gets moved by boot 2 to F200H-F37FH
E80H The IOCB console status vector
E82H The IOCB console input vector 1, or the TTY: device
E84H The IOCB console input vector 2, or the UC1: device
E86H The IOCB console output vector 1, or the TTY: device
E88H The IOCB console output vector 1, or the UC1: device
E8AH The IOCB reader vector 1, or the PTR: device
E8CH The IOCB reader vector 2, or the UR1: device
E8EH The IOCB punch vector 1, or the PTP: device
E90H The IOCB punch vector 2, or the UP1: device
E92H The IOCB list vector 1, or the LST: device
E94H The IOCB list vector 2, or the UL1: device
E96H - EFFH The console hardware and software definition tables and the
remainder of page 3 routines and vectors. The data in the
range D80H-DFFH gets moved by boot 2 to F380H-F3FFH
F00H-17FFH The CCP
1800H-1BFFH The non-Language Card BDOS segment plus the prenibblizing CP/M
RWTS routines
1C00H-26FFH The Language Card segment of BDOS
2700H-2BE9H The BIOS
2BEAH-2BFFH The cold boot routine
The CPM60 Diskette Map
======================
The Apple CP/M diskette system tracks are mapped as follows:
Trk 00H Sec 00H Boot 1 sector
Trk 00H Sec 01H - Trk 00H Sec 06H CP/M RWTS and Z-80 BIOS disk routines
Trk 00H Sec 07H - Trk 00H Sec 08H Boot 2 routine
Trk 00H Sec 09H - Trk 00H Sec 0AH I/O Patch Area, page F300H routines+tables
Trk 00H Sec 0BH - Trk 01H Sec 03H CCP
Trk 01H Sec 04H - Trk 01H Sec 07H First segment of BDOS
Trk 01H Sec 08H - Trk 02H Sec 02H Second segment of BDOS
Trk 02H Sec 03H - Trk 02H Sec 03H BIOS
CP/M RWTS sectors are used in this table
CPM60 Card Driver Entry Points
==============================
A list of entry points to the peripheral card drivers is useful for
BIOS patching:
FD0EH Entry to the Communications Card output routine
FD71H Entry to the Serial Card output routine
FDA9H Entry to the Firmware Card output routine
FDB7H Entry to the Firmware Card input routine
FDC1H Entry to the Serial Card input routine
FE4BH Entry to the Communications Card input routine
FE5BH Entry to the Parallell Card output routine
All these enty points require that DE contains the card slot
number upon entry. The A and C registers are used as required by
the CP/M protocols.
CP/M Microsoft BIOS Patches
===========================
Squashing ver 2.20B bugs
========================
Correct bug which exchanges the PTP: and UP1: devices (usually unnoticed
because they by default point to the same device):
Modify 2581 from 20 to 28
DDT CPM56.COM
#S2581
2581 20 (type 28)
.
#<Ctrl-C>
SAVE 42 CPM56.COM
CPM56 A:
Correct bug with Apple IIe 80-column card: ever warm boot the screen is
cleared, since the BIOS initializes all peripheral cards on each warm
boot: remove call to initialization routine in warm boot routine.
Addr Old New
24D8 CD 00
24D9 A2 00
24DA DA 00
Squashing ver 2.23 bugs
=======================
An error in RDR: vectoring was introduced, and the Apple IIe warm boot
problem is present as well. Change the following locations in CPM60.COM
Addr Old New
0EF4 A6 00 (corrects the IIe warmboot problem)
27C4 CD 00
27C5 82 00
27C6 DA 00
2897 08 04 (corrects the RDR: vector problem)
SAVE 44 CPM60.COM
CPM60 A:
The CP/M RWTS
=============
Written in 6502 code, resides at $800 - $FFF including buffers.
Entry point at $E03 (for BIOS ver 2.20B and 2.23) -- before entry
thes addresses below must be filled with appropriate data. The CP/M
RWTS use a 256-byte data buffer at $800 by default.
To call the CP/M RWTS from your own code, init the following memory
areas before calling $E03:
$3E0 Place track to be accessed here
$3E1 Place CP/M physical sector to be accessed here. The Apple sector
numbers range from $0 to $F. The sector skew for CP/M physical sectors is used
$3E1 and $3E3 Holdovers from the DOS 3.3 RWTS and were used for volume
numbers. CP/M RWTS doesn't use volume numbers, so put $00 here
$3E4 Put the drive here. DOS 3.3 numbers are used, so put 1 or 2 here
$3E5 Another holdover from DOS 3.3 - put last drive used here
$3E6 Put the slot number times 16 here. Slot 6 ==> put $60 here
$3E7 Last slot (times 16) accessed. Slot 6 ==> $60
$3E8 and $3E9 I/O buffer address (256 bytes). If buffer is at $800,
then $3E8 contains $00 and $3E9 contains $08
$3EA Error code: $00 no error, $10 write protected, $40 drive error
(the CP/M RWTS stores the error code here)
$3EB Command code: $01 read sector, $02 write sector
$800-$900 Default I/O bbuffer area used by the CP/M RWTS
$900-$9FF A nibble buffer used by the CP/M RWTS
CP/M version 2.23 always reinitializes the I/O buffer address to $800
before using the CP/M RWTS. CP/M version 2.20B doesn't reinitialize
the I/O buffer address, so the programmer must restore it to $800
if needed after having called the CP/M RWTS.
The CP/M warm loader is located at $E00 for ver 2.20B and 2.23.
CP/M 2.23 60K reads track $0 sector $B to track $2 sector $8 to
memory starting at D300H.
CP/M 2.20B 56K reads track $0 sector $B to track $2 sector $0 to
memory starting at C400H.
The first 3 tracks, tracks $00 to $02, are reserved for the boot
routine, the CCP, BDOS and BIOS. Track $03 contian the CP/M
directory, where only 6 physical sectors contains the directory (CP/M
logical sectors 00H through 0BH).
SoftCard CP/M ver 2.23 and higher uses a trick to allow the system
tracks for data storage: a file called cp/m.sys is created in user
area 31 as a dummy file allocated to the system tracks. It is
inaccessible from the CCP and unseen by the user. The BIOS is
written to recognize the system tracks as accessible data areas.
COPY.COM has an option to create a "data diskette" where cp/m.sys is
absent, which creates 3 more tracks for data storage. Such a
diskette cannot be warm booted, bit it is safe to use it in any other
drive than A:
CP/M Logical CP/M Physical DOS 3.3 Apple Physical
Sectors Sectors Sectors Sectors
00,01 0 0 0
02,03 9 6 3
04,05 3 C 6
06,07 C 3 9
08,09 6 9 C
0A,0B F F F
0C,0D 1 E 2
0E,0F A 5 5
10,11 4 B 8
12,13 D 2 B
14,15 7 8 E
16,17 8 7 1
18,19 2 D 4
1A,1B B 4 7
1C,1D 5 A A
1E,1F E 1 D
Apple CP/M has double sector skewing: the system tracks use CP/M
physical sector skew while the data tracks uses the logical sector
skew. The CP/M physiscal sector skew is fastest for reading sectors,
while the logical sector skew is a compromise for getting the
fastest sector read skew in conjunction with the fastest sector write
skew.
The Apple CP/M Disk Parameter Tables
====================================
The CP/M BIOS contains several Disk Parameter Tables:
DPH - Disk Parameter Header: a pointer to the DPH for a specific disk
is obtained by loading C with the disk drive (0=A:, 1=B:, etc) and
then call the BIOS function SELDSK (entry point at xx1BH, where xx00H
is your BIOS base where xx is found at address 0002H of your CP/M
system). The disk drive need not have any disk inserted, since the
BIOS SELDSK function only locates the tables but does not attempt to
access the disk. When SELDSK returns, HL points to the DPH, which
contains:
Offset Contents
------ --------
00H XLT Addr of logical-to-physical sector translation vector.
On Apple CP/M, XLT is 0000H, which means that the
CP/M BIOS does no such translation - instead sector
skewing is implemented in the CP/M RWTS, which is
written in 6502 code.
02H 0000H \
04H 0000H | Scratchpad values for use within BDOS
06H 0000H / (initial value unimportant)
08H DIRBUF Addr of scratchpad 128-byte directory buffer.
0AH DPB Addr of Disk Parameter Block for this drive, see below.
0CH CSV Addr of scratchpad area to check for changed disks
0EH ALV Addr of scratchpad area for disk allocation info
DPB - Disk Parameter Block. The address of the DPB can be found in
either the DPH (see above), or by calling BDOS function 31 (=1FH)
"Get addr disk params", which will return the address of the DPB for
the current drive in HL. If you want the DPB for a specific drive,
first call BDOS function 14 (=0EH) "Select disk", with the drive to
select in E on entry (0=A:, 1=B:, etc) - note that the drive must
have a valid CP/M disk inserted for this to work.
The Disk Parameter Block (DPB) for each drive type contains:
Offset Contents
------ --------
00H SPT 16b Total number of sectors per track
02H BSH 8b Data allocation block shift factor, determined
by the data block allocation size
03H BLM 8b Data allocation block mask (2[BSH-1])
04H EXM 8b Extent mask, determined by data block allocation
size and number of disk blocks
05H DSM 16b Total storage capacity of disk drive
07H DRM 16b Total number of directory entries minus one
09H AL0 8b Determines reserved directory blocks
0AH AL1 8b Determines reserved directory blocks
0BH CKS 16b Size of directory check vector
0DH OFF 16b No of reserved tracks at beginning of logical disk
BSH and BLM are determined by BLS, the block size or data allocation size
BLS BSH BLM EXM
----- --- --- DSM<256 DSM>=256
1024 3 7 0 n/a
2048 4 15 1 0
4096 5 31 3 1
8192 6 63 7 3
16384 7 127 15 7
i.e. BLS = 2**n where n = 10 to 14
BSH = n-7
BLM = 2**BSH - 1
EXM = 2**(BHS-2) - 1 if DSM<256
EXM = 2**(BHS-3) - 1 if DSM>=256
DSM = maximum data block number supported by this particular drive, measured
in BLS (BLock Size) units, or simply "number of allocation blocks on drive".
Blocks are counted from 0 to DSM, and thus BLS*(DSM+1) = the number of bytes
on the drive (excluding the system tracks). If DSM<256, the disk map in
the directory entry of the file will be 1 byte/block. If DSM>=256 it will
be 2 bytes/block.
DRM = total number of directory entries minus one.
AL0/AL1 = the directory allocation vector. Consider it a bit map of
bits 16 bits, bit 0-15, where 0=hi bit of AL0, 7=lo bit of AL0, 8=hi
bit of AL1, 15=lo bit of AL1. Bits are assigned starting at bit 0 up
until bit 15. Suppose nbits is the number of bits seet to 1:
BLS Directory entries
--- -----------------
1024 32 * nbits
2048 64 * nbits
4096 128 * nbits
8192 256 * nbits
16384 512 * nbits
Example: if DRM=127 (128 directory entries) and BLS=1024 bytes, there
are 32 directory entries per block, requiring 4 reserved blocks. Thus
the 4 hi bits if AL0 are set, and AL0=0FH, AL1=00H
CKS = size of directory check vector
If drive media is removable, then CKS = (DRM+1)/4
If drive media is fixed, then CKS=0 (no dir records checked)
OFF = number of reserved tracks. This value is automatically added
whenever SETTRK is called. It can be used to skip reserved system
tracks, or for partitioning a large disk into smaller segmented
sections.
Several DPH's can address the same DPB if the drive characteristics
are identical. The DPB can be dynamically changed when a new drive
is addressed by simply changing the pointer in the DPH since the BDOS
copies the DPB values to a local area whenever the SELDKS function
is invoked.
The size of the CSV (scratchpad area to check changed disks) is CKS
bytes. If CKS=(DRM+1)/4, this area must be reserved. If CKS=0, no
storage is reserved.
The size of the ALV (scratchpad area for disk storage allocation info)
is (DSM/8)+1 bytes where DSM is the disk size in allocation blocks.
Below DPB parameters are given for three different kinds of Apple CP/M
formats, plus the Standard CP/M 8" SSSD disk format as a comparison:
A: The SoftCard 13-sector Apple CP/M format, used only briefly on
early SoftCard CP/M systems. No other Apple CP/M card ever used
the 13-sector format. This format yielded 104K of data per
diskette, excluding the system tracks.
B: The 16-sector Apple CP/M format. This was THE Apple CP/M disk
format, introduced by the SoftCard and subsequently used by all
other Apple CP/M systems (Appli-Card, CP/M Card, Premium SoftCard).
This format yields 128K of data per diskette, excluding the system
tracks.
The Apple CP/M disk formats were really too small, since the Standard
CP/M 8" SSSD disk format yielded 243K of data per diskette, and many
CP/M programs assumed a disk at least this big. One enhancement was
to use 40 tracks instead of 35 tracks on the diskette, which would
yield 148K of data per diskette, excluding the system tracks. Later,
when 80-track double-sided disk drives became available, CP/M could
fairly easily be modified to accept these drives. The hardest parts
were to hook up the hardware, and modify the CP/M RWTS program to
access all 80 tracks on both sides, and the formatter program to
format 80 tracks on both sides. But once this was accomplished, it
was fairly straight-forward to modify the BIOS DPH so that CP/M could
access the entire 80-track double-sided disk as one disk, yielding
628K of data per diskette, making virtually any CP/M program
comfortably fitting on one diskette.
C: This disk format is 16 sectors/track, 80 tracks double sided, where
the tracks and sides are mapped within the modified CP/M RWTS so they
appear as 160 tracks to the CP/M Z-80 BIOS (which knew nothing about
double-sided disks). This format yields 628K of data per diskette,
excluding the system tracks.
D: As a comparison, the DPB parameters for the Standard CP/M 8" SSSD
format is given. This disk format had 128 bytes/sector on the disk.
Physical format: A B C D
---- Apple CP/M --- ----- Enhanced ----- Standard
13-sect 16-sect 80-trk/16-sec/2-side 8" SSSD
Bytes/sector 256 256 256 128
Sectors/track 13 16 16 26
Tracks 35 35 80 77
Heads 1 1 2 1
Sector skew table:
No sector skew in Apple CP/M Z-80 BIOS (XLT in DPH = 0000H)
13-sector disks: hard sector skew
16-sector disks: soft sector skew in 6502 code (CP/M RWTS)
(Standard CP/M: disk skew in BIOS - every 6'th sector: 1,7,13,...)
Apple CP/M DPB - Disk Parameter Block
A B C D
SPT 16b 26 32 32 26 128-byte Logical Sectors/Track
BSH 8b 3 3 4 3 Block shift factor
BLM 8b 7 7 15 7 Block shift mask
EXM 8b 0 0 0 0 Extent mask
DSM 16b 103 127 313 242 Disk size - 1 (in blocks)
DRM 16b 47 63 255 63 Directory mask = dir entries - 1
AL0 8b 0C0H 0C0H 0F0H 0C0H Dir Alloc 0
AL1 8b 0 0 0 0 Dir Alloc 1
CKS 16b 12 16 64 16 Directory check vector size
OFF 16b 3 3 3 2 Track offset: # system tracks
Block size 1024 1024 2048 1024 # bytes per allocation block
Dir entries 48 64 256 64 Max # directory extent entries
Dir blocks 2 2 4 2 # blocks allocated to directory
DSM+1 104 128 314 243 blocks
Disk size 104 128 628 243 KBytes (excluding system tracks)
113.75 140 640 250 KBytes (including system tracks)
Dirbuf 128 128 128 128 bytes
ALV 14 17 40 31 bytes
CSV 12 16 64 16 bytes
===========================================================================
--
----------------------------------------------------------------
Paul Schlyter, Swedish Amateur Astronomer's Society (SAAF)
Grev Turegatan 40, S-114 38 Stockholm, SWEDEN
e-mail: pausch at saaf dot se or paul.schlyter at ausys dot se
WWW: http://hotel04.ausys.se/pausch http://welcome.to/pausch