FAQ- comp.sys.apple2 Frequently Asked Questions 2/2

[nathan@visi.com (Nathan Mates)]

Archive-name: apple2/part2
Last-modified: Aug 01 1996
Version: 4.4

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#  Q#14  What is an Apple II? 1/1/95  #
#######################################

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:  Q#15  The Apple I  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::

The original Apple was not much more than a board.  You had to supply
your own keyboard, monitor and case. It sold for $666.66, but now they
are worth much more as a collector's item.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#16  The Apple ][ and Apple ][+  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

The computers that started the Apple II line.  They have the 6502,
ability to do High and Low rez color graphics, sound, plus they have 7
expansion slots to add peripherals. Surprisingly, the ][+ can run some
of today's software.  For instance, I've run Davex and FredWriter
under ProDOS. You can even run AppleWorks if you have more than 128K
and a program called PlusWorks.

Recommended configuration: 16K language card (in slot 0 with a ribbon
cable running to the RAM), an 80-column video card (not the same as a
//e 80-column card), shift key modification (a wire running from shift
key to game port), modified character ROMs to do lower case. You can
add memory in various ways, but programs that require 128K probably
will not work, no matter how much RAM you have. You can also add
accelerators like the Rocket/Zip.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#17  The Apple //e  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::

The //e comes in two flavors: Enhanced and Unenhanced.  Apple makes an
Enhancement kit that will upgrade an unenhanced to enhanced by
replacing 4 chips (CPU [65C02], Video ROM [MouseText], and new
Monitor/Applesoft ROMs).  Most current software require an Enhanced
//e, and sometimes 128K too. The current operating system is ProDos
(Version 2.0 or so).  The Apple //e is still useful for three major
reasons: 1) It runs AppleWorks, a simple to use, yet sophisticated
Spreadsheet/Word Processor/Database. 2) There are many Apples in
schools, so there is a ton of educational software for it. 3) It is
was and will always be a _Personal_ computer.  You can learn as little
or as much as you want, and nothing stops you from learning about
every nook and cranny in it. Ask any big name programmer in MS/DOS or
Mac where they learned to program.  Most of them taught themselves on
a good ol' Apple //. Good programs for an Apple //e: AppleWorks 4.0
(Spreadsheet/Word Processor/Database from Quality Computers), Copy ][+
(file utility from Central Point), ProTerm 3.0
(communications/terminal emulator from InSync), PrintShop
(sign/card/banner printer from Broderbund).

Recommended configuration: Extended 80 Column card (gives you 128K) or
RamWorks (512K to 1MB RAM).  Enhancement kit if it was an Unenhanced
//e. A Hard Drive is recommended if you use a lot of different
programs. You can also speed it up with an accelerator (like the
Rocket Chip, Zip Chip or TransWarp).

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#18  The Apple //C and IIC+  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

The //c and //c+ are 'luggable' versions of an Enhanced //e, with many
built-in 'cards'. Included are 2 serial ports, a mouse port, a 3.5"
disk port and 128K of RAM. The //C+ has a built-in accelerator that
runs at 4 MHz. Even though they don't have slots, you can still add
extra memory (there's room under the keyboard) and a hard drive
(through the disk port--a bit slow by ordinary standards, but usable.
(Hard to find though.. Was made by Chinook).  The //c and //C+ run
just about everything that an Enhanced //e runs. The //C and //C+
cannot connect to an AppleTalk network.

Recommended configuration:  1 MB RAM, 3.5" drive, maybe a Hard drive.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#19  The Laser 128EX  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

While not made by Apple, this clone is a cross between the //c and an
Enhanced //e.  It is as luggable as a //c and has built-in 'cards',
and an accelerator.  It also has a slot to expand. If you want to add
a card, you may have to disable the internal UDC (for 3.5" drives) or
the internal 1MB memory expansion.  Runs almost everything that the
//c and //e runs.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#20  The Apple IIGS  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::

The GS represents a giant leap in the Apple // line.  It can still run
//e software, but has a better processor (16-bit), a new super-hires
graphics mode, a toolbox in ROM (just like the Mac) and a 32
oscillator Ensoniq sound chip. It can not only run ProDos, but it can
also run GS/OS, a sophisticated operating system very much like the
Macintosh's OS. The original GS ROM 00 (which tended to have the Woz
signature on the front case, though that is no guarantee) one or two
chips upgraded to boot/run current software. The ROM 01 had 256K on
the motherboard, while the ROM 03 has 1 MB.  Although there were a few
ROM changes, the current system software will work patch the toolbox
ROMs to look identical.

Recommended configuration: 1.25 MB lets you boot up GS/OS and use most
programs. With 2 MB, you will have room for Desk Accessories.  Go for
4 MB if you want a RAM disk (useful if you don't have a hard drive) or
do a lot of Graphics work. Adding a hard drive is highly recommended
for speed and System 6. You can also speed it up with a TransWarp GS
or Zip GS.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#21  The Apple ][e Emulation Card  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

This is a card that fits in certain Macs (LC, LC II, LC III, a few
Performas) that lets one run Apple //e software.  It is actually more
like a //c because the card is not expandable like a //e.  There is a
place on the back of the card to plug in a UniDisk 5.25" and a
joystick.  Because the graphics are handled by the Mac, animation may
be slow if you don't have a decent Mac.

########################################################
#  Q#22  Some Common Questions (with answers!) 2/8/95  #
########################################################

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#23  Info about A2's:  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Q#24  What is 8 bit and 16 bit?

A: That indicates how big the chunks of data are that the CPU can
manipulate.  The Apple IIGS is a 16-bit machine and all previous Apple
]['s are 8-bit.  This is one of the reasons you cannot run GS software
on a //e.

Q#25  How can I tell what version my computer is?

A: Apple //e:

The major division is between the Enhanced and unenhanced models.
Look at your computer while re-booting.  If it says "APPLE ][", it is
not enhanced.  The enhanced computers will say "Apple //e". You can
upgrade it yourself by getting the Apple //e Enhancement kit. (It
contains 4 chips to replace on your motherboard.)  Many newer programs
will not work unless you have an Enhanced //e. The //c, //c+, GS, and
Laser 128 incorporate these enhancements.

You can see what version of the //e you have by looking for the serial
number on the motherboard (in the back, by the power-on led). If it is
820-0064-A, you may have a motherboard that can't do
double-hires. Serial #s like 820-0064-B or 820-0087-A are un-enhanced
(without the kit). If you have the grey Apple //e with the built-in
keypad, then you also have: One 128K ROM IC replaced the two 64K
Monitor ROM ICs (the CD and EF ROMs), Two 64Kx4 RAM ICs replaced the
eight 64Kx1 RAM ICs, The single-wire shift-key mod, and an Extended
80-Column Card.

The Apple //e comes in two video standards: PAL (Australia, Europe,
etc) and NTSC (USA, Japan?, etc.) If the AUX slot is on the side of
the motherboard near the power supply, you have an NTSC model, whereas
if it is in line with slot 3, you have a PAL model. (Thanks to Steve
Leahy for this one) The PAL revisions are: [Thanks to Dave Wilson for
this]

week 26 1983: 820-0073-A (c) 1982 / B-607-0664
   Colour killer switch soldered to vacant oscillator position on PCB.

week 38 1983: 820-0073-B (c) 1982 / B-607-0264
   Colour killer switch near RHS of PCB. All chips socketed.

week 7 1985:  820-0073   (c) 1984 / B-607-0264
 PCB marked for enhanced ROMs & 65c02 (may have old ROMs and 6502).
 RAM & some TTL soldered in. Layout same as above.


Apple //GS:

There are 3 major versions of the GS: Check the initial power-up
screen.  It will say ROM 01, ROM 03.  If it does not say either, you
have the Original (Woz Signature edition). You must upgrade it in
order to run current system software. The ROM 01 has 256K on the
motherboard, while the ROM 03 has 1 MB on the motherboard.  All the
enhancements of the ROM 03 (except the 1MB, of course) can be added to
the ROM 01 simply by booting up with current system software.

Apple //c:

Go into Basic and type "PRINT PEEK (64447)" and press return.  If it
says 255, you have a very old //c.  See your dealer about getting an
upgrade (tell them that the Apple authorization number is ODL660). If
it says 0, you can connect a 3.5" drive, but you don't have the memory
expansion connector. If it says 3 You have the memory expansion.  If
it says 4, you have the latest model of the //c.  If it says 5, you
have a //c+.

Q#26  What programming languages are available for the Apple ][?

A: Larry W. Virden maintains The Apple II Programmer's Catalog of
Languages and Toolkits. It's archived on several FTP sites. (The main
one first)

URL: http://www.visi.com/~nathan/a2/faq/langs.html

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/misc/textfiles/programming.languages.



::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#27  Adding Hardware:  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Q#28  Can the Apple II connect to SCSI devices?

A: Yes. See the section on SCSI in this FAQ.

Q#29  Can I use Macintosh Monitors or 3.5" drives with my ][?

A: In general, no.  Apple's 3.5" drive has logic to sense which
machine it is hooked up to (Apple II or Macintosh) and it works
accordingly. Most 3rd party drives don't bother to put in Apple II
support in their drives.  The Mac monitors cannot be used with the ][
line, not even the GS.  Some may work if you hook them up to a UDC
instead of an Apple 3.5" card. Old style Mac 800k drives are very
slow.

Q#30  Can I hook up a LaserWriter, DeskJet, etc to my Apple //e?

A: Yes, all the above connections have regular serial or parallel
connections.  The tricky part is getting them to do what you want. The
DeskJet, for example will print very nice-looking text with regular
old "PR#1".  But if you want to change the font or print graphics, you
may have to purchase some software.  One excellent program for these
types of printers is PublishIt 4. You won't believe the output you can
get from a //e.  For AppleWorks fans, there is the program called
SuperPatch.  Among it's patches is a cool DeskJet 500 printer driver.
You can print sideways, and change fonts with normal AppleWorks
commands.  The Deskjet driver is built in to AW 4.0.

Q#31  Can I hook up a LaserWriter, DeskJet, etc to my Apple IIGS?

A: On the GS, you can hook up a LaserWriter via AppleTalk or direct
serial connection.  A GS program can typically print to a LaserWriter
if it's connected to the GS via AppleTalk.  If you get a DeskJet, or
PaintJet, etc, you can hook them up via the serial port.  But in order
to use them effectively, you will want Harmony from Vitesse (better)
or Independence (cheaper) from Seven Hills.  They are new printer
drivers for GS/OS programs only. If you want to print from an 8-bit
program, see the previous question.

Q#32  Can I hook up a scanner up to my //e? Can it do OCR?

A: Yes and Yes. (OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition -- the
ability to convert a scan into text) Just pick up a Quickie scanner
(by Vitesse) and InWords (by WestCode Software). You can scan 4"
columns (you must have 512K to 1 Meg) and can even paste them together
to make 8" scans.  Then you can use InWords to "read" text and put it
into a text file or AppleWorks Word Processor file.

Q#33  Can a Disk ][ be used on a GS smartport?

A: Yes. Call Jameco Electronics (Phone: 1-800-831-4242) S20 PIN HEADER
TO DB19-PIN CONNECTOR MODULE ADAPTS II/II+ DRIVES FOR APPLE IIC. PART
NO: 10022
  PRODUCT NO.:  AAM  APPLE IIC ADAPTER   $3.95

Q#34  What's the scoop on the new HD 3.5" drive?

A: In order to do High Density on the Apple //, you will need both the
High Density 3.5" drive and the new Apple 3.5" controller. If you
don't have both, you will only be able to do regular density. Of
course, you will also need High Density Disks.

Once you have collected the above items, you are in for a pleasant
surprise.  ProDos 8 programs not only recognize it, but most programs
format and recognize HD disks just fine. You can even boot off of a HD
disk, allowing plenty of room for GS/OS Desk Accessories and such.

There are a few drawbacks: You cannot boot copy-protected software or
(or some FTA demos.)  You can't daisy-chain a 5.25" of a HD
card. Also, it takes up a slot, even on the GS.

Q#35  I want a Y-adapter for my GS keyboard.

A: Redmond Cable has an ADB Y-connector cable for separating your
mouse from the side of your keyboard (also can be used to work around
a failing ADB port on the keyboard).  See the 'Resources' section of
this FAQ.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#36  File Transfer:  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Q#37  How can I transfer stuff to/from an IBM/Mac?

A: Here's a summary: [Note that you can always do transfers by modem
or Null Modem]

Q#38  File transfer: Apple //e ---> Macintosh

 < Apple File Exchange (comes with Mac system software) allows you to
copy to/from ProDos (3.5") disks.

 < There's the IIe Emulation Card that fits into the LC, LC II, LC
III, Performa 400 and the Color Classic. The card has a port for a
5.25" drive, from which you could copy things to/from the Mac.

 < The ProDos File System Manager is an init (available via FTP) that
allows you to use ProDos 3.5" disks as if they were normal Mac
disks. [You will have to download the entire disk to get that one
file.]

FTP: ftp.apple.com  in /aii/lc.iiecard

 < A //e to Imagewriter cable can function as a null-modem to connect
serial ports.  Use communication software on both ends.



Q#39  File transfer: Apple //e <--- Macintosh

 < The programs A2FX and HFSLink will allow you to read Mac disks in
3.5", 3.5" HD, or even a HFS hard drive.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu  in /apple2/8bit/util/a2fx.8.bsq

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/8bit/util/hfslink.b3.bsq

 < See Mac -> //e question about null-modems

Q#40  File transfer: Apple //e ---> IBM

 < If the computers are close enough, get a null-modem cable and
communication software with file-transfer capability for both
computers.

 < See below about CrossWorks.

 < Also, see the question on the CTI drive.

Q#41  File transfer: Apple //e <--- IBM

 < See below about CrossWorks.

 < If you have a new Apple High Density 3.5" Drive and High Density
3.5" controller card, then you can use the program MSDOSCOPY (via FTP)
to read IBM disks, even HD ones.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/8bit/util/nsdos.cnvt.bsq

 < Also, see the question on the CTI drive.



Q#42  File transfer: Apple IIGS ---> Macintosh

 < See above for //e to Mac, or below for Mac to GS

Q#43  File transfer: Apple IIGS <--- Macintosh

 < GS/OS 6.0 will read and write Mac disks just fine if you have the
HFS FST installed. (See the resources section for info on how to get
GS/OS)

 < Note that you want to read high density (HD) disks, you will need
BOTH the Apple HD 3.5" drive AND the HD 3.5" Drive Controller Card.

 < See also notes about null-modem above



Q#44  File transfer: Apple IIGS ---> IBM

 < The Applied Engineering PC Transporter has a utility to copy files
from MS/DOS to/from ProDos (regardless of disk size).  Unfortunately,
the PCT often has problems and AE is unwilling to actively support the
card.

 < Also, see the question on the CTI drive.

 < There is always null-modem cables. (see above)

Q#45  File transfer: Apple IIGS <--- IBM

 < If you have a new Apple High Density 3.5" Drive and High Density
3.5" controller card, then you can use GS/OS 6.0.1's MSDOS FST to read
IBM 3.5" disks. Note that Apple 5.25"s don't have the hardware to
read/write IBM 5.25" disks.

 < Also, see the question on the CTI drive.

 < There is always null-modem cables. (see above)

Q#46  What's the CTI Drive?

A: The CTI drive allows you to hook up IBM 3.5" and 5.25" disk drives
(no High Density support yet) to your Apple II. [IBM drives are
cheaper] Some software is included to read MS/DOS disks on your
Apple. Otherwise, ProDos and GS/OS recognize them like normal
drives. See CTI's address in the resources section. Also see SSH
systems in the resource section.

Q#47  How about hooking up cheap IDE Hard Drives?

A: There's a card called Turbo IDE, does DMA, is as fast as a RamFAST
SCSI card. Contact J.LANGE7@genie.geis.com for details like technical
specs, pricing, and S/H procedure.

Q#48  How do I USE stuff I have transferred to/from an IBM/Mac?

A: In general, only certain types of files can be usefully transferred
back-and-forth between computers. One thing that you CANNOT do is run
programs designed for another type of computer.  But often you can
transfer data files between similar programs (Spreadsheets) on
different platforms.  Here are some pointers:

One helpful hint is that all computers can read text files.  Most word
processors can save your file as text and import as text. But with
text files, you will loose all your formatting (font type, centering
and so-forth).  For spreadsheets, saving as DIF will make conversion a
breeze.  Databases can be saved as tab-delimited records.  (Note that
in AppleWorks, you have to go to Print to save in these formats).
Look for options like "Import" or "Export" (or "Save As" in the Mac
world).

If you want to do better, there are several options available. A
commercial program called MacLinkPlus can do some conversions.  Some
Claris programs do conversions automatically. Also, AFE can convert
between some kinds of documents (For example AppleWorks Word Processor
to MsWorks) if you have the right translator.

FTP: sumex-aim.stanford.edu in /info-mac/util/afe-appleworks-msworks.hqx

For IBM folk,The CrossWorks program can convert between many Apple and
IBM formats, and even comes with a universal null modem
cable. Alternately, If you use AppleWorks a lot, you can get
SuperWorks for the IBM, a clone of AppleWorks.  It can import
AppleWorks files directly.  For graphics, SuperConvert can convert
between all Apple-specific graphics formats and many Mac, Amiga and
IBM specific formats.  It can also save as GIF, which is a universal
standard.

You can also play Mac sounds resources (the sort you keep in the
system folder as alert sounds) with IISound.

Q#49  How do I get cool Mac Icons and fonts onto my GS?

A: Find the program "Resource Spy"

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /pub/apple2/gs/util/resource.spy.bsq

Q#50  What programs are there for conversion of graphic images?

A: There are quite a few:

 > IIGIF is a freeware GIF converter for any Apple II (but there is a
patch needed for the Apple //c). It reads in GIF and saves as hires or
double-hires.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/8bit/graphics/iigif.bsc

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/8bit/graphics/iic.patch.for.iigif

 > MACDOWN is also freeware and lets you do the same with MacPaint pics.

 > A ProDos 8 version of The Graphics Exchange (don't know much about it).

[The following software only work on an Apple IIGS]

 > The Graphics Exchange converts between many formats of graphics.

 > Prizm v1.0 Converts .GIFs, Amiga IFFs, Raw Files, and some other types
to Greyscale (very fast), 16 colors, 256 colors, and 3200 colors!
Size of picture limited by availabe RAM (Not sure where it's available
from anymore)

 > SuperConvert loads all GS formats, plus GIFS and other non-GS
specific formats and saves in all GS formats (including Finder Icon
files).  It has more dithering options than most of the other
programs, but you may have to play with it to find the best one.

 > SHRConvert is the earlier, shareware, predecessor to
SuperConvert. It does a pretty good job on the types of graphics it
supports.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/gs/graphics/shrconvert.2.1.bsq

 > Platinum Paint is a commercial program that can import all GS
formats plus MacPaint. It can only save in SHR and Apple
Preferred. Version 2.0 can make Animations too!

 > ShowPic 6 is a shareware NDA that can display most GS formats.  You can
also save the resulting graphic as a IIGS SHR painting.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/gs/gsos/nda/showpic.6.0.bsq

 > Dream Grafix supports all 3200 color picture types and also 16
color and 256 color pictures. This is a very impressive commercial
paint program with its 3200 color support.

Note: 'All GS formats' includes Superhires (type $C1 and $C0), hires,
double-hires and PrintShop/PrintShop GS.

Q#51 I have an old CPM / PASCAL / DOS 3.3 disk.  How do I get it into
ProDos?

A: The //e system software, the DOS3.3 FST (GS/OS System 6), and Copy
][+ can all convert Dos 3.3 files into ProDos. This is only helpful
for text files, graphics, and some Basic programs. For ProDos, CPM,
Pascal, Dos 3.3, try the program Chameleon. You have to use the 'force
disk as ProDOS' option to use your hard drive.

FTP: apple2.archive.umich.edu in /apple2/8bit/util/chameleon.bsq

Q#52  How do you copy from a 5.25" disk to 3.5" disk?

A: ProDos has no problems with this, as long as you copy by files.
Note that ProDos can only have 51 files in the main directory. If you
try to exceed that, it will give you a cryptic 'Disk Full' error. If
there really is space left on the disk, you can copy all the files
into a subdirectory to get around the 51-file limit.  In theory, you
can put an unlimited number of files in a Subdirectory, but in
practice, you should limit them to a few hundred.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#53  Strange problems:  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Q#54 How do I get out of Basic (that little "]" prompt and flashing
cursor?

A: Type the word "BYE" and press return.  Now get out the Apple manual
'A Touch of BASIC' and read it.

Q#55  What are the problems with GSCII?

A: GSCII is a great program, but has two subtle problems: First, it
won't work correctly if you extract to a HFS disk (so extract to a
ProDOS disk). Also, it won't set the size correctly on S16 files. This
should only be a problem when downloading Shrinkit GS.  In that case,
use BINSCII.  The rest of the time you will be extracting .SHK files,
which don't care about extra bytes at the end.

Q#56  AppleWorks won't print to my printer.  What gives?

A: AppleWorks will refuse to print to a slot that has a disk device.
In the past, this worked well because if you try to print to a slot
that has a disk controller in it, you will re-boot.  But now, this can
cause problems when a disk device is 'mapped' into your printer slot
(due to a limitation in ProDos, you can only have 2 drives per
slot. Extra partitions on your hard drive will be re-mapped to other
slots). If you have a RamFast, you can re-map the drives to different
slots. Otherwise, (for AW 3.0) use this patch:

POKE 768,128: POKE 769,10
BSAVE APLWORKS.SYSTEM,TSYS,A$300,L2,B$AE3

If you didn't understand that, e-mail me, or look into John Link's
SuperPatch program, which includes many more patches.

Q#57 My GS control panel keeps resetting to the defaults and/or
forgetting the date.

A: It's probably your battery.  If you have a ROM 03 GS, you just pop
it out an get another.  On the ROM 01, you will need a Slide-On
Battery Replacement Kit from Night Owl Productions. See address in
'Resources' section.

Q#58  I'm getting Error XXX.  What's it mean?

A: Some common errors and their cause:

ProDos Errors:
UNABLE TO LOAD PRODOS   - You can't boot a disk unless it has ProDos and a
                          something.SYSTEM file on it (Pre-1.9 ProDOS)
$27    I/O Error.  Possibly a bad disk?  Verify it with Prosel or Copy II Plus
$44    Path not found (You gave an invalid directory name)
$45    Volume not found (you didn't type in the right disk name)
$46    File not found (you didn't type a valid filename)
GS/OS errors:
0911   Either your GS is overheating, or the ADB port is having problems
0301   Bad TransWarp
0308   see 8021
8020   Either random TransWarp, or SCSI (try using different SCSI connector)
8021   If you get this at random times and you have a HS Apple SCSI, it's
       probably a version conflict.  Install the SCSI drivers from your GS/OS
       disk, not your HS Apple SCSI disk.



Q#59  Why does my Apple II lose characters when I'm using the modem?

A: Check the following: 1) Your software may need interrupts enabled.
Examine DIP Switch 2-6 on your Super Serial Card. 2) If you have an
unenhanced //e, you need to enhance your //e.  3) If you have a //c,
it may be one of the ones that had a serial port problem. Talk to your
dealer about upgrading it for 2400 baud support.

Q#60  Where do I get support for AE boards now that they are closed?

A: Bruce BABB, ex-AE bench tech, is offering support out of his home
for customer support of AE's boards. He also hints that another
company is opening that will sell many of the Apple II products the AE
made. You can reach Bruce via Email at 76004.1575@compuserve.com

Q#61  Is there a QWK reader for the Apple //e?

A: Yes, it's called 2qwk!. To use 2qwk! you must patch prodos to allow
filenames sent by MS-DOS machines. The beta version is available now
on grind and caltech.

###############################
#  Q#62  System 6.0 mini-FAQ  #
###############################

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#63  Common Problems  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Some programs are incompatible with CloseView.  Symptoms are the mouse
wipes out everything it moves over. Remove CloseView or inactivate it
in the system folder.  May still cause troubles if active, but set to
'off'.  See GS Technote #91.

EasyAccess is also incompatible with some applications, (especially on
ROM 01). Symptoms are a locked keyboard, and not being able to reboot.
Remove it or make it inactive.

Missing features of system 6? Perhaps you just used easy install,
which doesn't install all the bells and whistles.  Try clicking on
customize and add the nifty things like Calculator, Find File, HFS
FST, etc.  You can also read the Shortcuts file on SystemTools2 for
some great keyboard shortcuts.

Finder icons that match by name and have a leading wildcard require
uppercase letters.  For example, a name like "[star].txt" never
matches, but "[star].TXT" works fine (it matches regardless of a
file's actual capitalization).  (This was accidental; the 5.0.4 Finder
did not care about capitalization in icon files.)

Two misconceptions about System 6: The A2.RAMCARD is not for the GS's
/RAM5.  It only works with "slinky" (i.e. standard slot) cards.  Also,
the DOS 3.3 FST has nothing to do with MS-DOS.

::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#64  Tips & Hints  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::

The AppleShare logon programs have always looked for a folder named
"Mail" inside your user folder whenever you log onto a user volume.
If there's any items in there, they present a dialog that says "You
have mail."  Under SSW 6.0, that also sends a SysBeep2 request so you
can get the sound of your choice.

If you don't want to see your icons on boot, set bit 1 (i.e. the 2nd
LSB) of BRAM Location $5F. Be sure not to mess with the other bits.
Use the toolbox calls!

The FinderExtras folder goes in the same folder as the Finder
(generally the System folder).

If you don't like yellow folders in the Finder you can change the byte
at offset +65 in the Finder resource with type $C001 and ID 1. Change
the $E0 to whatever you want (the first digit is the default folder
foreground color, and the low nibble is for the outline color). Only
folders that do not already have a color recorded in a Finder.Data
file get the default color.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#65  If you have a RamFast  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

The RamFast and ProDos 2.0.1 both try to do re-mapping of drives to
unused slots.  This can cause problems, mostly when launching and
returning from ProDos 8 applications (crashes or wants you to insert
disk). Solution: Configure the RamFast not to re-map.  If you have a
RamFAST with a ROM revision less than 2.01a, you need to get a newer
ROM from CVT.  Otherwise, V2.01c allows setting Slot Priority
Allocations to 0 which will let ProDos deal with them.  V3.0 allows
you to choose between RamFast mapping (works now) and ProDos 8
mapping. If you can't wait, you can Patch ProDos 2.0 not to re-map
slots. Look for "10 BF C9 A5 D0 07" and change the $A5 to $00 (should
be byte $1A3 in the 5th block of the file).  Hack at your own risk.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#66  If you have a Vulcan or AE High Density disk  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Due to problems with the Vulcan, when booting, it asks for your System
Disk.  Just put the Vulcan driver on your boot disk, boot it, and then
launch the installer. Alternately, put the driver on the installer
disk and boot it.  (but you have to delete some of the installer
scripts first) For the AE High Density Drive, be sure to remove
Apple's 3.5" driver when putting on AE's.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#67  If you have ProSel  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Rename start to something else before running the installer, or else
the Finder won't be installed. Believe me, you don't want to miss out
on Finder 6.0!

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#68  If you have an AMR 3.5"  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

If the computer hangs (mostly at the Standard File dialogue box) with
no disk in the drive, try putting one in.  What's happening is that GS
is reading the status from the drive, and the drive won't return
anything unless there is a disk in the drive.  Just stick a disk in
and all will be fine.  If it really annoys you, either deactivate the
3.5" driver (get IR so you can double-click to re-activate it) or
simply keep a disk in the drive at all times. This is not a problem
under ProDos 8.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#69  GSCII+ & HFS Note  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

There is a problem with the HFS FST, but only GSCII seems to be
affected.  When de-binscii-ing files, put the output onto a ProDos
volume, not an HFS one.

[ Mega-thanks to Dave Lyons & friends for these. ]

###############################################
#  Q#70  What to do with an Apple ][? 2/8/95  #
###############################################

Q#71  What can you hook up to an Apple ][?

A: Hard Drives, Scanners, Video Digitizers, Laser Printers, Video
Overlay Cards, Tape backups, Inkjet Printers, 24 pin Dot Matrix
Printers, EPROM Burners, AppleTalk Networks, High Density 3.5" drives,
serial cards, parallel cards, audio Digitizers, CP/M boards (Z-80
processor), an IBM-on-a-card, 9600 baud modems, D/A and A/D cards,
joysticks, mice, graphics tablets, touch screens, extended keyboards,
track balls, several Megabytes of RAM, Real-time clocks, (cheap) IBM
disk drives and of course, Users!

This list is by no means exhaustive: This is just what I personally
have done.  All of it is available NOW, and can be done on any Apple
//e. In the very near future, you will be able to hook up:

EitherTalk Networks, DSP boards, and cheap FAX modems.

Q#72  What can you do with an Apple ][?

A: As if the above weren't impressive, how about: Optical Character
recognition, Desktop publishing, Integrated Spread sheet, Database and
Word Processing, Interactive fiction adventure games, Arcade quality
games, Educational games, Programming, Telecommunications, Inventory,
Accounting, Money Management, and that's not even scratching the
surface.

Q#73  What can the //e can "borrow" from other computers?

A: GS bitmapped fonts, Mac Disks, MacPaint pictures, GIF pictures,
just about any Mac/PC SCSI device (Hard Drives, Tape backup), Mac
sounds with IISound (sounds are stored in the resource fork), many
archive formats (like uudecode), any serial device (EPROM burners, FAX
modems, mega-fast modems w/ MNP5), etc.

Q#74  What can the GS can "borrow" from other computers?

A: Mac bitmapped fonts, Mac Icons, Mac and Windows TrueType fonts, Mac
Disks, Amiga Mod songs, MacPaint pictures, MacWrite documents, GIF
pictures, WordPerfect documents, just about any Mac SCSI or ADB device
(including Hard Drives, Pen Mice, etc), Mac sounds, Many archive
formats (.uu, .zip, .arc, .sit, .hqx, etc), any serial device (EPROM
burners, FAX modems, mega- fast modems w/hardware MNP-5), IDE hard
drives (check out a card called "Turbo IDE". Mail
J.LANGE7@genie.geis.com for details)

If you are interested in doing any of the above, feel free to e-mail
me (nathan@visi.com). Someday, maybe I'll fill in the specific
software or hardware you need to do any of the above.  If you have any
additions, let me know too!

#############################################
#  Q#75  Resources for the Apple II 2/8/95  #
#############################################

Listed below are some places to get information about the Apple II.
You should also try your local user group (and the user group
library), friends, relatives, library, school, FTP sites, books, and
etc.  One good book is "The Whole Internet Users Guide & Catalog" by
Ed Kroll, published by O'Reilly & Associates Inc.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#76  Apple II Groups  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

You can become an associate in the Apple Developer Program for $350
(for Mac and Apple II) or a mere $150 (for Apple II only) by calling
1-408-974-4897.  That gets you Develop magazine, Apple Technical
notes, the Apple Developer CD, discounts on Apple products, and more!
If you want to license Apple Software for distribution with your
product you can get information by calling 1-408-974-4667. (Note: You
need a license to distribute Apple System Software, including ProDOS,
and the Installer.)

USUS (Keith Frederick (Secretary), P.O. Box 1148, La Jolla, CA 92038)
is an international non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and
influencing software standards to aid in the development of portable
software.  They have a large software library including a lot of
source code (for almost every language or computer).

NAUG, the National AppleWorks Users Group (313-454-1115, 313-454-1965
FAX, 615-359-8238 BBS) is a group devoted to that wonder program,
AppleWorks.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#77  Getting Parts & Software  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Redmond cable (206-882-2009) makes and sells all sorts of custom
cables.

Quality Computers (800-777-ENHAnce or 313-774-7200, 313-774-7740 Tech
Support, 313-774-2698 FAX) not only sells Apple II products, but
maintains a list of user groups and publishes an informative
newsletter geared towards educators (called Enhance). They also
published AppleWorks 4.0! To get a QC catalog and a free subscription
to Enhance, just call! Contact QC (on GEnie), QualityCom (on AOL) or
quality@pro-quality.cts.com.

Alltech (800-995-7773 orders, 619-721-2823 FAX, 619-721-7733 Technical
Support/inquiries) sells all kinds of replacement parts for Apple
II's. They are also pretty knowledgeable about the II. and inquiries)

Sun Remarketing (800-821-3221) also sells used Apples parts and books.

Parkhurst Micro Products (510-837-9098) sells ANSITerm, a GS-only
communications program that supports X/Y/Z-Modem (plus variants),
Kermit, VT-100, Color ANSI, and offers features like a text editor, a
large scrollback buffer, and macros.

Sequential Systems (800-759-4549 or 303-666-4549,800-999-1717 tech,
303-666-7797 BBS) announced software for the GS that will let you use
many (but not all) CD-ROMs.  Audio, Still Pictures and searching text
are supported. Contact SEQUENTIAL@genie.geis.com

The Big Red Computer Club, (402-379-4680) or BRCC, (formerly the Big
Red Apple Club, sells all kinds of good software that you can't get
anywhere else.  (including discontinued games, etc.)

Chuck Orem used to distribute a 5.25" disk with modem utilities, a
terminal program (Comm.System 2.5), Shrinkit 3.4, BinSCII 1.0.3, UU
1.1, Sneeze 2.2 and UnShrink 2.1 in ready to run format. Also included
are all the docs for the above programs, plus Zlink (in archived
format). Steve Cavanaugh (stevec1021@aol.com) has now taken over this
service. Send $3 to cover postage and materials to Steve Cavanaugh
1117 Maple St.  Wilmington, DE 19805
                     
Digisoft (digisoft@hypermall.com) has a CD called Golden Orchard that
is full of Apple II-specific programs.  18MB is accessable from 8-bit
//e's, the rest is in HFS partitions that can be accessed with GS/OS
System 6.  Cost is around $60.

Edlie Electronics (800-645-4722 or 516-735-3330) is selling "The
ProDOS User's Kit".  It seems to be your basic ProDOS operating system
and a manual. I doubt that it's a current version, but it's worth a
look if you need ProDOS on 5.25".  Heck, for $1.95, you can't go
wrong. [there is a minimum order, and I have never tried it... Let me
know if you try it.]

Washington Apple Pi (301-681-6136, 301-593-0024 BBS [7 bits, odd
parity]) has an extremely active Apple /// Special Interest
Group. They have 250 PD disks and have funded a new revision of the
OS. Contact Dave Ottalini at 72457.2401@Compuserve.com

Educational Resources (800-624-2926) sells educational programs for
the II.

MECC (800-685-MECC) is a well-known educational software shop.

The Cynosure BBS (410-549-2584 Settings: 8 data bits, No parity 1 stop
bit, up to 14400 bps) has a license to distribute system Apple
software (ProDos and GS/OS). Contact Doug Granzow at
dig@pro-cynosure.cts.com

You can also get system software off of Apple Computer's FTP site. It
is maintained by DTS in their spare time. Thanks guys!

FTP: ftp.apple.com in /aii/sys.soft/

The Apple User Group Connection (800-538-9696 ext 500) can tell you
the closest Apple II (or Macintosh) User Group. (Check Quality
Computers too..)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#78  Fun hardware add-ons  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

SSH Systems (Write to: SHH SYSTEME, Dipl. Ing. Joachim Lange,
Bergstrasse 95, 82131 Stockdorf, Germany) is selling a card for your
Apple that will allow you to use cheap IBM drives for storage. Price
is around $100. Contact J.LANGE7@genie.geis.com.

Night Owl (913-362-9898) makes a slide-on battery for ROM 01 GS's. You
need a replacement if the time and system settings go back to their
defaults whenever you turn the computer off.

Conversion Technology (801-364-4171) sells a drive that allows you to
hook up cheap IBM 3.5" and 5.25" disk drives to you Apple II.

Silicon Systems (714-731-7110) makes that 22 pin DIP DTMF decoder chip
that Apple-Cat modem owners are always looking for. Part #: SSI 75T201
- Integrated DTMF Receiver.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#79  Periodicals & Books  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Shareware Solutions II (166 Alpine Street, San Rafael, CA 94901) is a
new Apple II magazine with the latest scoops, written by long time
Apple II writer Joe Kohn.  Mail joko@crl.com for details. You can also
finger him, or check out his WWW homepage (see FTP).

Adam Barr (barr@railnet.nshore.org) and Cindy Field (former InCider/A+
editor) are starting a new Apple II newsletter, only this one is only
available via e-mail.

Hyperstudio Network (609-446-3196) is a quarterly newsletter about
HyperStudio.  They put out an annual 'Best of HyperStudio' disk of
stacks, and have discounts on HyperStudio accessories.  They even do
some teacher-oriented stuff.

Computist (P.O. Box 110846, Tacoma, WA 98411) is a publication devoted
to gathering and distributing information on removing copy protection
from Apple II software.

Softdisk and Softdisk GS (800-831-2694 or 318-221-8718) are monthly
disk magazines containing a variety of software (PD/SW, clip art,
reviews, etc).  Softdisk is available on 5.25" or 3.5" disks. Softdisk
GS is available only on 3.5" disks. See http://www.softdisk.com

::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#80  Misc Resources  :
::::::::::::::::::::::::::

If you need a IIc upgrade, it used to be free, but that has expired.
Try a few Apple dealers or call Apple to seek help. The number is
1-800-767-2775 (SOS-APPL).

Sequential Systems (1-800-759-4549 customer service 1-800-999-1717
technical support) have taken over CVTech's products.

Larry Beyer (312-735-9010) likes to fix InnerDrive hard drives.

Apple has a toll-free customer assistance line for handling sales
questions and user concerns. This toll-free line is not designed to be
a technical support hotline, but instead is an extension to the
comprehensive Apple customer relations effort. The Customer Assistance
Center is open Monday through Friday from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. Pacific
time by dialing 1-800-776-2333.

A new ShareWare-Fee payment service has been established for info, write to:

Some Assembly Required                  shareware@uwo.ca  OR
   1132 Adelaide St. N.  #719              hackett@gaul.csd.uwo.ca
   London, Ontario  N5Y 2N8
   Canada

     Email suggestions to nathan@visi.com. As always, let me know of any
mistakes, updates, corrections, additions, etc.

#####################################################
#  Q#81  General guidelines on How To Troubleshoot  #
#####################################################

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#82  General troubleshooting  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 > First, resist the temptation to install all your new toys at
once. Take it one step at a time and test everything after adding each
item. (i.e. Run the diagnostics and try your old programs.)

 > Leave the computer plugged in, but turned off when installing
cards. Touch the top of power supply before and often during your
work.  Better yet, use a wrist strap tied to ground through a 1
Megaohm resistor.

 > When asking others for help, it is essential to know the EXACT
error message you are getting. Also, be as specific as
possible. Saying "It did not work" or "I could not get any farther" is
not helpful.  Exactly which screen did it stop at?  Does it respond to
any input at all?  What had you done up to that point?  Is it
reproducible any other way?

 > Make sure you have the required components for the program.  Does
it require an Enhanced //e? More RAM? A separate boot disk?

 > Never use your original disks.  Make a backups and store the
write-protected originals in a safe place.

 > Be sure to keep your disks away from stray magnetic fields
emanating from phones, monitors and speakers.

 > If you have an accelerator, try to disable it or take it out
entirely.  It may not be compatible with the new item.

 > Is the problem re-producible?  If so, what are the MINIMUM actions
to reproduce it?

 > Check all your cable connections.  Do not disconnect or connect any
cables with the computer on.

 > Try pulling out other cards and disconnect your joystick. If you
have a lot of cards, you might consider a Heavy-Duty Power Supply from
A.E.  It supplies 6 Amps instead of a measly 2.5 Amps.  Test the power
supply with a voltmeter while the computer is on.

 > Call the manufacturer to see if there is an upgrade or a fix.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#83  Trouble shooting and good maintenance  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 > Try the system self-test: hold down the Control key, the Open Apple
key, and the Option (or Solid Apple) key. Then press and release
Reset.  Lastly, let up on the other keys. Sit back and 'Watchen Der
Blinken Lighten.'

 > Most RAM cards come with a memory tester.  Try running it in
continuous mode for several hours, even if your RAM seems to be
working.

 > Write down your configuration when you have it working (for future
reference).

 > Verify your disk(s) with Copy ][+ or the Finder to see if you have
any bad blocks.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#84  GS Trouble shooting  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 > Check your control panel settings: What is the startup slot set to?
Is the slot set to "Your Card"?  Check your RAM disk setting.  Is it
taking up all your memory?  Try setting the speed to normal if it's a
non-GS program.

 > Take out or disable your INITS, CDAs, NDAs, and CDEVS. (With System
6, just hold down Shift while booting).

 > If you have a hard disk, try booting from a System Disk and/or
re-install the latest system software.  Many random problems can be
traced to corrupted or improperly installed system software.

 > Never connect/disconnect an ADB device when the computer is on.

 > AppleWorks GS comes with a memory tester (try it).

 > The TransWarp GS has a continuous test on the CDA (try it too).

################
#  Q#85  SCSI  #
################

SCSI is a protocol (kind of like serial or parallel) that lets you
hook up several devices (up to 8) on a SCSI bus (a bus is just a
series of wires).  You must give each device it's own unique ID number
from 0-7.  The SCSI card is usually set to 7. There are two types of
SCSI cables: the 50 pin Centronics-type (like on parallel printers) or
the 25-pin "D" connector. The 50-pin is the SCSI standard, the 25-pin
is the Apple standard.  On a SCSI chain, there must be a Terminator at
each end.  A Terminator is just a bunch of resistors.  Some drives
have internal terminators (3 small yellow-orange packs), and some
drives come with an external terminator (a "plug" to put on the back
of the drive).  Also, somebody on the bus must supply terminator power
(one of the SCSI lines). If There are any problems (multiple things
with the same ID, too much termination or not enough, or no terminator
power), you may be able to use the drive, but your data will get
corrupted.  Most of the time, the computer will refuse to recognize
the drive.

At first, there was the Apple Rev 'C' SCSI card (named after the final
ROM version--all previous versions MUST be upgraded to work with
current software).  There were several clones from the likes of CMS
and Chinook.  Then Apple came out with it's High Speed DMA SCSI card.
This has the ability to do Direct Memory Access to the RAM in your
computer, which speeds things up. This created a lot of problems with
cards that were not DMA compatible.  CV Technologies also has a DMA
SCSI card called the RamFast.  This card has 256K or 1MB of on-board
RAM to make it even faster than Apple's card. It can also supply
terminator power if you drive does not supply it.  Both of the new
cards support things like SCSI tape backup units, removable SCSI
drives, SCSI CD-ROM, and of course SCSI hard drives.  Both the new
cards also require an Enhanced //e.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:  Q#86  Tips on setting up a SCSI system:  :
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

 > You can have multiple drives on one SCSI card, just make sure you
remove the termination on all the drives but the last one. This is
because the newer SCSI cards are terminated (and they count as a SCSI
device).

 > Always check that the cords are plugged in properly.  Never
connect/disconnect anything when the computer is on.

 > The computer will boot the hard drive with the highest SCSI ID,
which should be ID 6.

 > Try letting the drive 'warm up' for 15 seconds before turning the
computer on.  The SCSI cards look for drives only at startup, and may
ignore any drives that are not ready.

 > Try turning off DMA.  If this helps, you may have a non-DMA
compatible card, such as the early versions of the TransWarp, early
versions of the GS RAM, or any 8-bit accelerator.  Alternately, try
setting up a RAM disk for all but 4 MB. Some RAM cards can only do DMA
in the first bank.

 > Check that each device has a unique ID.  Most drives have a
thumbwheel on the back to set the ID. Your SCSI card (yes, it counts
too) is probably ID 7.  Number your drives from 6 downwards for best
compatibility.  The IDs have nothing to do with what slot the card is
in.

 > Is there a terminator at each end of the SCSI bus? (the DMA cards
are terminated, and some drives are internally terminated.)

 > Try the software that came with the card.  It may give helpful
diagnostic messages (I.E. the Apple DMA SCSI utilities-- Does it say
"No Apple SCSI card found" or "No SCSI devices found"?)

 > Do you get the message "Unable to Load ProDos"?  If so, it's
booting your drive but you have no system software on it.  Try hitting
Control-Reset, then PR#5 (or PR#6) to boot a floppy.  Then install the
system software (i.e.  ProDos or GS/OS).

 > In extreme cases, try reformatting the drive, repartitioning, and
re-installing the System software.

 > If the drive access light blinks in a regular pattern before the
computer is turned on, it is telling you that it has a hardware
malfunction.  It needs to be serviced.

 > Did you try re-installing the System software?  Many times, the
data on a drive will get corrupted if you run the drive with improper
terminators or conflicting SCSI ID's.  Sometimes you will not notice
the corrupted data until after you fix the problem. If re-installing
the System software helps, it was probably a software problem, not a
hardware problem.

 > The Apple HS DMA SCSI card requires an Enhanced //e.  It will not
work on the older //e without an Enhancement Kit.

 > To really put a drive through it's paces, copy a LOT of stuff from
one partition to another (copy the entire partition if you can).  If
there is a problem with DMA or SCSI ID's, it will probably show up as
a strange GS/OS error. (GS only)

 > Make sure you do not have the Apple SCSI drivers installed if you
have a RamFast.  It may cause random problems (they leave an interrupt
handler dangling if they can't find their card.) (GS only)

 > Make sure you are booting the right slot.  If the card is in slot
7, you can set the startup slot to Scan or 7. (GS only)

 > If you boot up and only 1 partition shows up, you need to install
the SCSI drivers. (GS only)

 > If you boot up and it says "Drive XXX is already on the desktop"
over and over: Probably a SCSI ID problem. (GS only)

 > If you add a CD-ROM, drivers are availiable from Trantor Systems
LTD, 5415 Randall Place, Fremont, CA 94538 (415)770-1400 (GS only)

 > At least one device must supply terminator power to the bus (Pin
26).  The Apple Cards do not supply this, and some drives don't
either. Result: The drive won't be seen by any software.

 > Some CMS Platinum drives had pin 40 disconnected for obscure Mac
compatibility reasons.  This can cause problems with the Apple IIs.

 > Make sure you use the drivers from GS/OS, and not the ones that
ship with the Apple HS SCSI card. (Doesn't apply to RamFast).

 > To low-level format an AE Vulcan drive, go into PART.MANAGER, move
the highlight to "format" and type "AE". Then say yes to all the
prompts.

======================================================================
This FAQ is available on-line at http://www.visi.com/~nathan/a2/faq/index.html
CopyLeft 1996 by Nathan Mates. Non-profit distribution encouraged.
                  Mail me at: nathan@visi.com

--
<*> Nathan Mates http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~nathan/      <*>
# What are the facts? Again and again and again-- what are the _facts_?
# Shun wishful thinking, avoid opinion, care not what the neighbors
# think-- what are the facts, and to how many decimal places?  -R.A. Heinlein