Bryan Parkoff asked:
I seem to understand, but you did not answer my question. What do clock
pulse and cycle mean?
I understand that Hertz is the same as Cycle. Hertz only executes each
one second. It is what the dictionary said, but it is probably wrong. If
it is possible, Hertz is truly to be executed each one millisecond. It
should be .001 cycle each one second. It would be 1,000,000 cycles per
second or 1MHz. Minimum 142,857 instructions are executed each one second.
Maximum 500,000 instructions are executed each one second. Average 222,222
instructions between 142,857 and 500,000 instructions are executed each one
second. Does it make sense?
One Hertz is one cycle per second. "Cycle" is a full period of a waveform,
with no information about frequency at all. "Cycles per second" is a measure
of frequency, also known as "Hertz".
The clock waveform of an Apple II (like most digital electronics) is
approximately a square wave, at a frequency of approximately
1MHz, or 1 million cycles per second.
Your calculations of the minimum and maximum instruction rates for
a 6502 running at 1MHz are correct (for 7-cycle and 2-cycle instructions,
respectively. The average rate is, however, not easily known, since it
depends on the dynamic mix of instructions executed, and that varies
quite a lot from moment to moment and program to program.